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ISU PSY 231 - Hypotheses

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PSY 2311st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Question and Answer DayOutline of Current Lecture II. 4 Reasons to go “On the Record” With a HypothesisIII. 3 Types of Scientific HypothesesIV. Testing Hypothesesa. Measures of Central Tendencyb. Measures of VarianceCurrent Lecture4 Reasons to go “On the Record” With a Hypothesis● A hypothesis suggests a likely answer to your research question○ “ The IV will [ do what?] to the DV?”● Reason 1: be honest, you probably have an opinion● Reason 2: gut check-- why’d you choose this research question?○ an educated guess○ justify your guess with theory and research○ must understand your topic to make a good prediction● Reason 3: to predict, you have to get specific about your experiment design○ effect of IV on DV○ hypotheses refer to variables in operational form■ as they occur in your experiment● Reason 4: good hypotheses make obvious…○ what data will agree with it○ what data will disagree with it○ helps with letting evidence guide your beliefs3 Types of Scientific HypothesesPrediction Scientific Example Null HypothesisPoint (exact) predicts exact value of the DVkids who go to preschool will earn a 3.27 GPA in HSPredicts all other DV valuesOne Tailed (directional) predicts direction of DVchangekids who go to preschool will do betterin HS than kids who did not go to preschoolpredicts DV will not change, or change in opposite directionTwo Tailed (non-directional)predicts that DV will changekids who go to preschool will perform differently in HS than kids who did not go to preschoolpredicts that DV will not change● Null hypothesis -- covers everything that is not in the hypothesis● These are mutually exclusiveTesting Hypotheses● Compare hypothesis (scientific and null) with dataMeasures of Central Tendency● Take home message about differences between groups○ mean (average)○ median (middle number)○ mode (most common number)Measures of Variance● Take home message about variances● variances -- spread of scores around the mean○ range○ frequency distribution○ standard


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