MIC 130 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13Lecture 1 (September 3)Historical Case: Smallpox in the Americas 1775 - 1782Smallpox is a disease from the old world caused by a virus with an incubation period of 12-14 days. It spreads by physical contact and sometimes by air. It was endemic in large European cities during the 1700’s. Smallpox was first brought to the America’s by the second voyage of Columbus, and was up to 90% fatal to the Native Americans, who had no resistance tothe disease. Smallpox and other old world diseases wiped out Native American populations in the American west and decimated the Aztecs before Cortes conquered Mexico. Unlike in Europe, smallpox did not become endemic in the Americas, except possibly Philadelphia. It was contained to small outbreaks in the colonies. Outbreaks were contained by isolation and inoculation. Inoculation is intentional exposure to smallpox through the skin, similar to an early form of vaccination. It was outlawed in many colonies because it could start outbreaks. During the Revolutionary War, the British armies were inoculated, and therefore immune to smallpox, while most of the colonists were not. This affected the Siege of Boston, the Ethiopian Regiment, and the Siege of Quebec. Washington secretly inoculated his troops in 1777, which leveled the playing field between the British and the colonists, eventually allowing America to win its freedom. Overall affects of Smallpox in the Americas:- Wiped out Native American populations- Allowed Europeans to take over the Americas- Led to mass conversions to Christianity by surviving Native Americans- Played a huge role in the Revolutionary WarOld world diseases brought to the Americas by Europeans:- Smallpox- Measles- Influenza- Typhus- Cholera- Yellow Fever- Mumps- Plague- Scarlet Fever- Diphtheria- Whooping CoughLecture 2 (September 5) Historical Case: Bubonic Plague:Bubonic plague is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, which can cause bubonic, systemic, and pneumonic plague. The bacteria are commonly spread by flea bites, and affect thelymph nodes nearest to the bite. The symptoms of bubonic plague include - swollen ‘bubos’ on lymph nodes- fever- chills- weakness. - If untreated, the death rate is about 50%. The systemic stage of the disease causes - Blackening of the fingers, toes, ears, and nose (this is where the term ‘ black death’ comesfrom) - This stage is 80% fatal if untreated. The pneumonic stage of the disease occurs when the bacteria move to the lungs. - This stage is nearly 100% fatal, with or without treatment. - At this stage, the plague can be transmitted by air through coughing and sneezing. There are three important historical plague pandemicsJustinian Plague 541 AD:- Roman Empire ruled by Emperor Justinian- Plague originated in Ethiopia- At the height of the outbreak, there were 5,000 deaths a day- About 100 million people died total- Moved into Asia, Europe, and northern Africa- Tax collection fell- Ended Roman occupation of Europe and began the dark ages- Allowed Northern Europeans to gain land and powerBlack Plague 1347 AD:- Mongolian army attacked Caffa and catapulted dead plague victims over the walls- First incident of biowarfare- Began an epidemic in Europe- 25% - 50% of the population died- Doctors used bleeding/leeches- 1st quarantine – Dubrovnik, Croatia – made people stay on ships for 40 days before they could enter the city- Flagellants from Germany and Austria spread the disease and anti-Semitism- Ended the Dark Ages and began the Renaissance- Ended feudalism, more people could afford land- Loss of faith in Catholicism- Rise in regional universities because of travel restrictionsChinese Plague 1855 AD: - Began in Yunnan Province- Spread to India and the U.S. from 1900-1909- U.S. had rat stations at ports, people collected rats off ships for money- Kept the plague from spreading - Currently endemic in the western U.S. – present in rodents, a few cases a yearVocabulary wordsEpidemic: excessive increase in a disease beyond normal level in a population.Pandemic: widespread epidemic beyond a broad geographical range (like a continent)Endemic: low to moderate levels of a disease in a populationLecture 3 (September 8)Historical Case: SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) 2002- Began in the Guangdong province of China- Spread in 2003 to Hong Kong, where at least 10 more people contracted it- Spread from there to Canada, Vietnam, Northern China – pandemic- Carlo Urbaini – doctor who recognized disease as novel, notified WHO- Initiated massive response to limit pandemic, possibly the most effective ever- March 12th, 2003 – 1st ever GOARN global alert- Effected North America, Europe, and Asia- Identified as a new Corona virus- Diagnostic tests developed in April 2003, genome sequenced soon after- May 31st 2003 was last SARS case reported worldwide - Possibly came from Civet cats originally - 8422 total cases, 916 deaths worldwide, 11% fatality SARS was the first time a global response to a disease was attempted, and it proved very effective. Lecture 4 (September 10)Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared DiamondTransmission of Infectious Disease:- Food and Water- Aerosol- Direct Contact- Mother to fetus (congenital)- From Another Animal- Fomites (such as doorknobs)If a microbe causes death in it’s hosts, it can spread more quickly, but risks the need to find a new host.Characteristics of Epidemic Diseases:- Spread quickly- People either die or recover - Survivors are immune- Restricted to HumansAgriculture led to an increase of infectious diseases in humans- Greater populations/crowds- Staying in the same place- Close contact with human waste- Contact with domesticated animals- More stored food leads to more pests- Farming practices such as clear cutting forests and flooding fields can lead to contact with pathogensMethods of evolution of diseases from animal to human:- Direct contact with infected animal (rabbit fever)- Jumps, evolved, dies out (Kuru)- Jumps, mutates/evolves, future unknown (AIDS)- Jumps, evolves, long term persistence (measles, influenza) The only new world disease to affect the old world is possibly syphilisReason for so few new world infectious dieseases:- Human density lower- Trade routs more limited- Fewer domesticated animalsLecture 5