BIO 151 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture - Cellular Respirationo Overview - Glycolysis- Citric acid cycle- Role of NAD+- Oxidative phosphorylationo Electron transporto ATP synthesis via chemiosmosisOutline of Current Lecture - Oxidative phosphorylationo Electron transporto ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis- Accounting summary- Anaerobic respirationo NAD+ RegenerationCurrent Lecture- 3 things that happenedo Carbon skeleton is goneo Made ATPo Collected electrons- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor for the mitochondrial electron transport chaino ½ O2+2e- +2H+H2O Active transport requires energy transformation H2O goes out to aqueous solution As you go down chain lower energy goes from matrix to space High H+ concentration outside, low H+ concentration inside pH drops acidic electron chemical gradient; energy demanding step; energy comes from electrons- Chemiosomotic Theory for ATP Synthesis: explains how a membrane gradient (potentialenergy) can be turned into ATP by a membrane gradient using ATP synthesisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o ATP synthesis has 2 parts: Rotor: forms pore Catalytic Domain: Complex with enzymatic activity (ADP + PiATP)- Complexes are very large- Oxidative Phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosiso Electron transport chain is oxygen dependent (oxidative)o Phosphorylating ATP (Phosphorylation)- How much ATP?Process e- Using conversion factorATPGlycolysis 2NADH + H+1.5-2.5 3-53C Acetyl -CoA 2 NADH + H+2.5 5Citric Acid Cycle 6 NADH + H+2.5 15Citric Acid Cycle 2FADH21.5 326-28 ATP from Chemiosmosis+4 ATP from Substrate level phosphorylationTotal: 30-32 ATP/Glucose molecule- What need to know for test about Aerobic Respiration?o Where does it take place? Cytoplasm and mitochondria of plants and animalso What is it? Energy (ATP)- producing, electrons move from glucose to oxygen (formingH2O)o How does it occur? Key processes: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain/ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)- Some points to know:o What happens to the carbon skeletons? 6C sugar split into 2 pyruvates during glycolysis, then turned into CO2 in the mitochondriao What happens to the e- and why is this important?o The role of NAD+: which processes (not individual rxn) release the most e-?o What does “feeding e-“ into the e- transport chain accomplish?o Where do H+ gradients get set up?o Where does the ATP come from? Minor energy yield: substrate level phosphorylation, from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Major energy yield: chemiosmosis during oxidative phosphorylation from H+ gradients in compound/ATP synthases- Fermentation: When there is no oxygen present; needs to dump electronso Fermentation: purpose: dump electrons; NAD+ regeneration so redox reactions in glycolysis can continueo 2 ways to do this: Lactate (lactic acid fermentation):- Pyruvate (electron acceptor) Lactate (reduced form)o This Process is semi reversibleo NADH+H+  NAD+ is driving  Alcohol Fermentation- 3C pyruvateacetaldehydeo releases C as CP2 o NADH + H+  NAD+ drives reaction- What do I need to know about Fermentation?o What is it and why do cells need to do these reactions? Pay attn. to carbon, electrons, and ATPo What are the difference between lactic acid and alcohol