Sensation and Perception Pt. 2Perception Cont.:Linear PerspectiveEx: parallel lines appear to get closer together and converge in the distanceApparent Motion:Phi Phenomenon:Lights flashing at a certain speed tend to present illusions of motionIllusion:Mismatch between what we perceive and realityTall Arch:Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than horizontal dimension. BUT, both are equalMuller-Lyer IllusionMore common in industrialized societiesWhere people are used to the idea of a right triangleAngles on the end of a line could make two equal length lines look like one is longer and one is shorterConsciousnessConsciousnessAwareness of everything going on inside and outside of youIf we’re conscious we are awareIf we are in an altered state of consciousness, our awareness are altered tooCircadian Rhythm24 hour bodily rhythms with different levels of awareness alternating throughout the 24 hour periodlight triggers superchiasmatic nucleusMelatonin levelsIncreases at nightDecreases in the morningsInterrupted when we have “jetlag”Serotonin also regulates sleep rhythmSleepWe spend about 1/3 of our lives sleepingThis is an altered state of consciousnessWe are not as alert or aware when we are sleeping as we are when we are not sleepingSleep StagesElectroencephalograph (EEG) recordingRecords electrical activity in the brainAllows scientists to study sleepApproximately every 90 minutes, pass through 5 distinct sleep stagesElectrical waves change characteristically during these stagesAwake and AlertExperiencing strong mental engagementBrain waves are beta wavesIrregularLow amplitudeVery fast wavesAwake but RelaxedEyes closedBrain waves are alpha wavesSlow wavesRegularHigh amplitudeHeading toward the first stage of sleepSleep Stages 1-2Early sleep/light sleepBrain waves are theta wavesSimilar to alpha waves (during stage 1)Just starting to relaxHigh amplitude (stage 2)Slower waves (stage 2)Irregular (stage 2)Deeper level of sleep during stage 2 than stage 1, but still light sleepSleep Stages 3-4Deepest sleepBrain waves are delta wavesSlower wavesLarger amplitudeTakes a little while longer to wake up from a deep sleepGroggy for a little whileAfter stage 4, we go back up through the levels of sleep and then into REM sleepREM SleepRapid Eye MovementVivid dreams90% of dreams are believed to happen during this stageSleep paralysisOur bodies cannot move during this stageIf we tried to move during these dreams, we might injure ourselvesREM reboundClosest stage to being awakeIf REM sleep is interrupted, our periods of REM sleep during subsequent nights are longer – REM sleep is essentialSleep and REM Throughout lifeBabies sleep more than 16 hours per dayAbout 50% of their sleep in in REMAmount of REM sleep decreases throughout life course and Non-REM sleep needed on average decreases as wellSleep DeprivationThere are studies that take place where people are unable or not allowed to sleep for a certain amount of timeResultsImpaired concentrationIrritabilityDepressed immune system  vulnerabilitySleep keeps people health and more abled to fight off illnessFatigue and subsequent deathProven with animal studiesSleep DisordersNightmaresCause significant distressImpairs functioningTo be a disorder, must be repetitive and constantSleep terrorsMost often seen in childrenThe child typically wakes with a panicky screamDoesn’t wake up and remember what it is that scared themWake up scared and can’t remember whySleepwalkingHappens during the deepest level of sleepPeople are not at all aware of what they are doingCan be very dangerousOther disorders may include sleep disordersCould be result of the other disorders in these casesInsomniaDifficulty falling asleepDifficulty staying asleepWaking up too oftenNot being able to fall back to sleepSleep ApneaStopping breathing during sleep for about a minute period at a timeLinked to depressionCan influence people’s moodsMost common treatment is to wear a mask called a C-PAP over there face throughout the nightHelps regulate breathingNarcolepsyUncontrollably falls asleep throughout the day without warningUsually REM sleepDreamingFreud –dreams as “wish fulfillment”wishes or urges unfulfilled in our lives, our sleep drives to fulfill with dreamsManifest content and latent contentDream content is a reflection of our unconsciousDreams are the “royal road to the unconscious”We don’t know why people dream or what they meanSome people remember their dreams, others don’tUsually happens during REM sleepActivation-Synthesis HypothesisDreams are created to explain brain step activation during REM sleepOur brains attempt to make sense of neural-firing that occurs during our dream state – our dreams really mean nothingActivation-Information Mode ModelInformation accessed while awake affects dream synthesisOur dreams are complied from things that happen to us during the dayPSY 0010 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Sensation vs. Perception Pt.1 Outline of Current Lecture II. Perception ContinuedIII. ConsciousnessIV. Sleep StagesCurrent Lecture Sensation and Perception Pt. 2 Perception Cont.: Linear Perspective- Ex: parallel lines appear to get closer together and converge in the distance Apparent Motion:- Phi Phenomenon:o Lights flashing at a certain speed tend to present illusions of motion - Illusion:These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Mismatch between what we perceive and reality- Tall Arch:o Vertical dimension of the arch looks longer than horizontal dimension. BUT, both are equal- Muller-Lyer Illusiono More common in industrialized societies  Where people are used to the idea of a right triangleo Angles on the end of a line could make two equal length lines look like one is longer and one is shorter  Consciousness Consciousness- Awareness of everything going on inside and outside of youo If we’re conscious we are awareo If we are in an altered state of consciousness, our awareness are altered too Circadian Rhythm- 24 hour bodily rhythms with different levels of awareness alternating throughout the24 hour period - light triggers superchiasmatic nucleus- Melatonin levelso Increases at nighto Decreases in the mornings- Interrupted when we have “jetlag”- Serotonin also regulates sleep rhythm  Sleep- We spend about 1/3 of our lives