ENTO 208 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8LecturesStructures to knowDiagramsLecture 1 (September 1)i. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Speciesii. 80% of all species in the worldLecture 2 (September 3) I. Phylum Arthropodaa. Bilateral symmetryb. Complete digestive system (connected mouth and anus)c. Excretioni. Malpighian tubules function like kidneys in mammalsd. Circulatory Systemi. Open, haemocoel, hemolymph filled body cavity*Is blue in horseshoe crabs, harvested to be used as a dye that highlights foreign material (ie bacteria) e. Respirationi. Air enters spiracles (small openings on the surface of the individual) into the trachea and is carried to the tracheoles f. Nervous Systemi. Ventral nerve cord (dorsal in humans)g. Reproductioni. Sexual II. Arthropod Classesa. Crustacea (crabs, lobster, shrimp, pill bugs, copepods, daphnia)i. 2 pairs of antennae, 5 or more pairs of legs, 2 body regions (cephalothorax & abdomen)b. Diplopoda (Millipeds)i. 1 pair antennae, many legs, 2 body regions (head & body)ii. Two pairs of legs per body segmentc. Chilopoda (Centipedes)i. Many legs, 2 body regions (head, body)ii. One pair of legs per body segmentd. Arachnidai. No antennae, 4 pairs of legs, 2 body regions (cephalothorax & abdomen)ii. Order: Scorpionida (scorpions) – poison gland at tip of abdomen, claws are modified mouth parts, some are dangerous to humans, cuticle fluoresces under UV lightiii. Order: Aranae (spiders) – tarantulas are common but not dangerous (have urticating hairs with barbs that can be flicked for defense), dangerous species in Texas are:- Black widow: shiny black with red hour glass on ventral side (with variation), venom can cause pain, tremor, extreme nausea, and death- Brown recluse: dark violin marking on head segment, venom can cause necrosis in the region inflicted iv. Order: Solifugae – solpugids, camel-spiders, wind scorpions, live in arid environments, pedipalps are long and leg-like, nocturnal predators, can be dangerous to humanse. Insecta i. 1 pair antennae, 3 pair legs, 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdemon)ii. Greatest number of species Covered in class:III. Lice IV. FleasV. FliesVI. MosquitoesVII. Kissing bugsNot covering:I. Blister beetles (can be fatal to horses)II. Bed bugsLecture 3 (September 8) I. External anatomyi. Pay particular attention to the mouth partsii. List of structures to know for the exam (see end of document)a. Headi. Segments of head fused top form capsuleii. Rigid for protection and for strength in mouth partsiii. Antennae intake sensory information (odor, sometimes touch)b. Eyesi. Compound-separate units for separate images, brain compiles itii. Simple-have as well as compound, either 0, 1, 2, or 3iii. Photoperiodism: developmental response to relative lengths of light and dark periodsc. Mouth Partsi. Mandibulate – chewing ii. Haustellate – piercing/sucking, probing/sipping, sponging/lapping.d. Thoraxi. Segments labeled from left to right, along top, middle, then bottom1. Dorsal: Pronotum, mesonatum, metanotum2. Mid: propleuron, mesopleuron, metapleuron3. Ventral: prosternum, mesosternum, metasternumii. all insects have legs on metapleuron and/or metasternume. Legsi. Segmented: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus (see diagrams at the bottom)ii. Wings: only on mature insects, usually 2 pairs, sometimes top wing is hardened to protect membranous wing underneath- Some have lost their wings secondarily (through evolution)- (see images at the bottom)f. Antennae (images at bottom match corresponding to numbers here)1. Setaceous – bristle-like (dragonflies)2. Filiform – thread-like (Ground beetles & cockroaches)3. Moniiliform – bead-like (termites)4. Serrate – sawtoothed (click beetles)5. Clavate – gradually clubbed (butterflies)6. Lamellate – nested plates (scarab beetles)7. Lamellate – nested plates (scarab beetles)8. Pectinate – comb-like (Fire-colored beetles and male glow worms)9. Plumose – brush-like (mosquitoes)10. Genticulate – elbowed (weevils and ants)11. Aristate – pouch-like with lateral bristle (house flies)g. Abdomen (male vs. female diagram at bottom of page)i. 10-11 segmentsii. Cerci are used in mating/oviposition (sensory)Lecture 4 (September 10) Random genetic drift - through chance only some of the population survives to reproduce through chance-Genetic drift has greater effect on small populations because of the smaller gene poolNatural Selection - alleles producing advantageous traits over other alleles survive to reproduceHexapods -non insect hexapods-Insecta-apterygota (a=no, pterygota=wings)-pterygota-paleoptera (paleo=old, tera=wing)-neoptera (new wing - can fold wings onto back)-hemimetabola ("half metabolism" - incomplete metamorphosis)-holometabola (complete metamorphosis)"Glue peg", "spring tail"Structural featuresfurculum, retinaculum, collophore*Delusory Paratosis - convinced that you are infested with bugs and they are living on you-Won't listen to evidence-Spring tails are often picked as the bug they are infested with because they are so smallThysanura (silverfish)Paleoptera - mayflies, dragonfliesNeoptera-Dermaptera (earwigs)OrthopteraBlattodea (Cockroaches)Isoptera (termites - related to roaches, "social roaches"Psocoptera (booklice, bark lice)Phtiraptera (lice)Thysanoptera (thrips)Hemiptera (true bugs)Holometabola-Coleoptera (beetles)Siphonaptera (fleas)Diptera (flies)Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies)Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and antsLecture 5 (September 15) I. Anatomy = Foundation *mouthparts are so important our book has a whole chapter concerning them*don't need to know all the plates of the head a. eyes, antennae and mouth partsi. Eyes: see in shadows and movement, ommatidia: how bug sees, more of these =better visionii. Mouthparts: haustellate mouthparts where actual sucking happensII. Thorax: naming, know which portions of the thorax that legs, wings, hair are locatedIII. Grasshopper leg - big femur for jumpingIV. Wings: -those that don't have wings: some have never had wings, some lost them secondarilyV. Antennae: know basic forms for IDVI. Abdomen: all have turgum and sternum, and pleural membraneVII. Mouthpartsa. Possible quiz/test**where are the violin and hourglass on recluse and widowb. Know form and function of the mouthpartsc. Know about blood feedingd. Orientation of mouthparts is major way to describe individuali. Hypomathus – points down, chewingii. Pronagus – points forward, predatoryiii.