Art 100Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 -Mesoamerica and southwestern America-Toltecs-Aztecs-Spaniards What Types of arts and crafts were produced by the following cultures?- Toltecs (Teotinuacan) and Aztecs (Tenochtitian)-Codices are folding paintings usually made of bark paper or deerskin covered with a thin coat of calcium carbonate, such as Codex BorgiaWhat are Codices used for?The recorded genealogies, tribute systems, prophecies, divinations, calendars, religious rites, lists of merchandise, and conquests. Who made the Codices?Painters known as Tiacuilos a Nahuatl term that meant both painter and scribe.The Codices after conquest were annotated in Spanish in order to aid the European artistic conventions, such as three-dimensional rendering.-Borgia Codex, 1300-1400, 29-Florentine Codex, 1578-1579Pre conquest codices in comparison to post conquestPre. Conquest characteristics:-Flatter-Earth tone colors-Not depictions of everyday life- Coatlicue, 1487-1520, Basalt, 8’6”, What was the legend of Coatlicue; the birth of Huiziliopochli and the death of Colyolxauqui Looking at the text Framing America by Frances Pohl, “According to legend, Coatlicue kept a temple shrine on a hill near Tula called Coatepec, or “hill of snakes”. After tucking a ball of down feathers in her bosom, she became pregnant with Huitzilopochtli. Repelled by her condition, her children, especially her daughter Coyolxaukqui, plotted her death. When Coatlicues enemies attacked her and sliced her head off, Huitzilopochtlirose from her severed trunk fully grown and armed. He banished the attackers and mutilated his evil sister, severing her extremities,, so that she collapsed at the base of the shrine.” (22)Spaniards (Catholics)- Mission Architecture (Pay special attention to those listed)San Jose de la laguna, Nave (penitente style, sanctuary)Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion, Sanctuary-retabloSan Zavier de Bac, Facade (Baroque style)- What is the difference between Baroque architecture, and the architecture of the “mendicant” orders?Baroque complex architecture plan shapes, drama and contrast, curvacouseness, bright colors, vividly painted ceilingsMendicant reflected poverty- Religious painting and sculptureThe Quakers (What did they think about art?)The Quakers did not value art they found it unnecessary. Pueblo Culture (Southwestern United States)- Anazasi (Mesa Verde) Settlement- Male Katcina, 13th century and Zuni Katcina (war god)Represented forces of nature, Invoked with dances and offering and called with puffs of smoke.Setteling of the pueblosThe Aztecs did not like this because they viewed a lot of what they did as sexually ambiguity. There was also a difference in that the woman built the homes, a good example shown is “San Estaban del Ray”.Wood Cutt- paint making mediumPoly Chromed Banquete- Aztec culture, representative of Bas ReliefTlaxcalan: fought the Spaniards but then later sided with them against the Aztecs because they knew they would lose the battle.Katcinas: Spirits, called by puffs of smoke Penitente StyleCharacteristics: red represented blood, simplicity and humility in the eyes of god, columns were present.BoroqueExample: San Xavier de Baco, FaçadeCharacteristics: decorative (ornate), Cruciform (cross Shaped)Mission ArchitectureCharacteristics: Simplicity, elemental formExample: St Francis AssisiPortable Alters, Why were they important?They were important because if the church came under attack they could be saved.Lecture 2-Impact of trade and picturing the new world-Wampum-Ursuline nuns and Huron Crafts-Jacques-DebryNortheast: Jesuits and the Ursuline Nuns-developed birch bark boxes-Alter cloth and Immaculate Conception, was specifically shown as important on the slides for this chapter, look at the cloth and analyze it!Iroqois GroupsWampum Belt -made from shells, white marine snails and quahog purple shells, -Instruments of memory-Gave you the ability to negotiate- affiliated with Iroquois and Algonquins-Linked to the false face society- How did it change with the Introduction of trade?It allowed for record keeping and the power of negotiation. Other Protestant groups: how did their religious beliefs influence the types of objects the produced?- Artists who first illustrated the New World (Jacque Lemoyne, John White, Theodore Debry)Jacque Lemoyne: Look at Rene de Laudonniere and the Indian Chief Athore visit Ribaut’s ColumnTheodore Debry: A captain, loyal to the king of France, “great voyages of the America” specifically depicts his loyalties. John White: Look specifically The village of secotonThe Puritans (Portraits, non-religious art)- What did their furniture look like?Specifically we are referring to the great chairs the 3 examples are “turned armchair”, “joined great chair” and “Turned great chair”- What were the characteristics of their architecture?They were skilled and quick to experiment with craftsmanship.Embroidery (Samplers)Samplers were used as an educational means for girls; they were passed down from generation to generation. They helped teach scripture.Shakers (Crafts and Furniture)Simplistic, form as a function of designWho were John Freake, John Smibert, Thomas Smith, Justus Englehardt Kuhn, and Benjamine West?Benjamine West: two distinct painting styles, romantic (adopted when he traveled to Europe) and American. He was also a Quaker despite the Quakers views on art; one of his best pieces was the depiction of the battle of the Plains of Abraham outside the walls of Quebec city during the French and Indian war.John Smibert: European trained artist, “The Bermuda Group” (which he painted) influenced a generation of American painters, and he settled in Boston.John Freake: Famous for his portraits they were said to immortalize the person posing, they were dark and somber. Thomas Smith: Sailor by profession, we analyzed his self-portrait c. 1680 on oil canvas, included a still sea scape view out of a window and a skull resting on a sheet of paper with a poem on it. Justus Englehardt Kuhn: we focused on his painting of Henry Darnall the 3rd as a child, it captured the aristocratic pretentions of southern leaders, it conveys these pretensions through the elegant costume ofthe young figure and the elaborate formal gardens and palatial building behind him. Another testament to this was the silver collar around the slaves neck as an indication of her status .Slide List:The Iroquois1. Wampum belt,