CJ 100 MWF 9-9:50 Lecture 13Outline of Current Lecture II. CriminologyIII. Social disorganizationIV. Learning to be a criminalV. New Biological TheoriesVI. Molecular GeneticsVII. Psychological theories of crimeVIII. The Id, Ego, and SuperegoIX. PsychopathologyX. The PCL-RCurrent LectureCriminology cont.Social Disorganization--Breakdown of the social institutions in a community causes crime--Poverty, rapid population growth, transiency--Juveniles were especially impacted (gangs, vice activities, etc)--“Learned” Criminal Behavior (Edwin Southerland)What the research showed…--- Crime was higher in the “Zone of Transition” -- rates of crime by area remained relatively stable--Meaning that characteristics of the areas, not individuals regulated crime--Findings led to the Differential Association TheoryLearning to be a CriminalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.--Differential Association Theory*Edwin Southerland (1947)--Criminal Behavior is learned through interactions with others engaging in crime--“An excess of definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law”New Biological Theories--Focus on a broader range of biological factors--Genetic inheritance, head injuries, exposure to toxins, and birth complications--no single “crime” gene--Contribute to traits conducive to crime (impulsivity, violence, etc)--High lead levels may be a factor? Adrian Raine--Neurocriminology- How brain wave patters differ between criminals and non criminalsMolecular Genetics--Examines variations in genes--MAOA Gene- Warrior Gene”--low activity in the MAOA gene may lead to aggressive and violent behaviors--(Monoamine oxidase A)Part II: Psychological Theories of Crime--Individual differences in behavior and personality characteristics (study of the mind) --Early childhood experiences are underscored--Abnormal personality traits or emotional maladjustment are the primary causes of crimePsychoanalytic Theory--Sigmund Freud (1956-1939(--All humans have natural drives and urges repressed in the unconscious--All humans have criminal tendencies--Learned through childhood experiencesThe Id, the Ego, and the Superego--Human nature includes instinctual drives that demand gratification--These drives involve “pleasure seeking”--Irrational, antisocial, and instinctual impulses--Freud referred to these pleasure seeking drives as the “Id” **Unconscious**--The id is restrained by moral and ethical codes known as the “superego”--Children internalize these codes as a result of their attachment to their parents--the superego is our moral compass--what would an underdeveloped superego mean? You’re more likely to engage in criminal activity--Adults develop a rational part of their personality known as the “ego”--The ego mediates between the drives of the id and the restraints of the superego--leads in making decisionsPsychopathology--collectively and clinically, we refer to the study of abnormal personality types as psychopathologyRobert hare and Psychopathy--Chief proponent today of psychopathy as a theory of criminal behavior--PCL-R is the Psychopathy checklist--The PCL-R is the most widely used instrument for the measurement of the psychopathic personality Hare’s Description of Psychopaths-- “social predators”--they put on a great show, and people don’t believe it--preferred the term psychopath over the sociopath because he believed factors beyond social forces also contribute to the development of the PCL-R-20 item symptom rating scale--it’s a two part test with an interview and the records must be verified. -- each of the 20 items is given the score of 0,1,2 A prototypical psychopath would receive a maximum score of 40, while an individual with no psychopathic traits or tendencies would receive a score of 0. --A score of 30 or higher qualifies a person for a diagnosis of psychopathy--2 behavioral traits of the test1.Selfish and unfeeling victimization of other people2.Unstable and antisocial