BIOM 121 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (August 25) Introduction to the Study of CommunicationWhat are the different types of communication modes and their defintions?- Intentional Verbal is premeditated, spoken communication; more common than unintentional verbal communication.- Unintentional Verbal is communicating verbally without meaning to.ie: yelling if someone scares you- Intentional Nonverbal is planned nonverbal communication.ie: When you plan an outfit, you are communicating something about yourself. When you change your tone of voice to convey meaning, such as when you whisper or yell.- Unintentional Nonverbal is unplanned, unspoken communication; more common than intentional nonverbal communication. Humans are constantly communicating this way.ie: body language, tone of voiceWhy study communication?Communication is “pervasive” (everywhere). It is practical, both for personal and professional relationships. People assume they are better at communicating than they actually are.- Understanding, as stated in the above definition of communication- Pleasure – humans derive great pleasure from communication with others- To influence attitudes or beliefs – ie: advertisements- Improved relationships- Action – to cause people to do thingsLecture 2 (August 27) Terms and TruthsWhat are some important terms to know when discussing communication?- Context: the current situation or circumstances- Quantitative: “countable”; used to describe research- Qualitative: also used to describe research; the focus is on description rather than numbers; sometimes “intangible” (non-physical) data -For example, quantitative data would be SAT scores (research dealing with numbers), while qualitative data would be favorite soda (research dealing with names or descriptions)What are some different words used to describe communication?-Symbolic: everything stands for something else.oDigital codes: most language is considered digital code, meaning that the language itself has no resemblance to its meaning. For example, the word “dog” itself has no resemblance to the furry, barking animal we keep as a household pet.oAnalogic codes: has resemblance to meaning. Much nonverbal communication is analogic code. For example, smiling or raising your voice at someone are both forms of communication that have direct resemblance to their meanings. -Overt and CovertoCovert: hidden, no access (ie: subtle body language)oOvert: obvious, visible, audible (ie: spoken words)-Encoding and DecodingoEncoding: creating a messageoDecoding: deciphering a messageWhat are three truths of communication?Humans are social, humans are polite, and humans deceive.Lecture 3 (September 3) Deception and HistoryWhat are the three different ways that humans lie? What is the Truth Bias, and why is it essential to daily life?- Falsification: Reporting something as true when it is false; not based in fact; knowingly creating a fiction- Concealment: Not sharing information you would otherwise be expected to share; omission- Equivocation: Being vague; not sharing all the details. For example, changing the subject.- Truth Bias: Humans give each other the benefit of the doubt. In general, it is more efficient in everyday life to assume that someone is telling the truth. For example, when someone tells you their name, you assume that it is their actual name. It would be nearly impossible to function in daily life is you had to be suspicious of everything that people told you, and sowe often assume that others are telling the truth. What are the different names that communication has had?Rhetoric, elocution, speech, and (now) communication.How did the conditions in Athens allow for the foundation of the study of communication?- Military and economic success: In Athens, losing an argument could mean losing your lifebecause of the warrior mentality- Adversary System: Athenians created a system where a third party would help facilitate acompromise between two arguing sides. Our modern day version of this is our legal system.- Democracy: Athenians were early proponents of the idea of the people participating in the legal/governmental system.- Athens was a cosmopolitan cityThe conditions in Athens created a market where communication skills became a valuable asset.Lecture 4 (September 8) History ContinuedWho were the teachers that created and continued the teaching of rhetoric?- Sophists: Invented the study of rhetoric. They were teachers who made a living teaching young, wealthy, Greek men rhetoric. Many were opposed to what they were doing, but this did not stop them from teaching people to communicate effectively in Athens changing society.- Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato: Socrates and Plato did not agree with the idea of teaching rhetoric, but Aristotle was younger and embraced this change. Aristotle’s definition of communication was “the art of discovering all the available means of persuasion in a givensituation”.What was “Plato’s Shadow”? And how did Aristotle’s respond to this?- Plato’s Shadow: is a metaphor for Socrates and Plato’s objection to rhetoric. They believed that only philosophers and other elite intellectuals should be taught rhetoric, and that it would be dangerous for the “common man” to learn it. They had a strong influence over thisstudy which can still be felt today (though much less so). Socrates and Plato were idealists: someone who wants things to be a certain way, even if it is not practical - Aristotle’s Argument: That rhetoric is used, is not going away, and is imperative to havingeducated and responsible citizens – people need to be able to think for themselves. Aristotle believed in empiricism: relying on physical, tangible evidence based on the senses that you can proveWhat was Alexander the Great’s role in furthering the study of communication? Who helped bring ancient knowledge back to Europe?- Alexander the Great conquers Egypt, but also builds (among other things) libraries whichstore ancient knowledge (as if they were ancient “back up” copies). Later, Europe loses itsancient knowledge during the Dark Ages in Europe, where the emphasis is on daily survival rather than education- The Moors returned knowledge to Europe because when the Moors captured people, they gave the prisoners two options: die, or translate and copy books.