POLS 1101 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Civil Liberties vs. Civil RightsII. Historical Context A. Federalists vs. Anti-FederalistsIII. Bill of RightsOutline of Current Lecture I. Civil RightsA. DefinitionB. Emancipation Proclamation II. Era of SegregationA. Civil Rights ActB. Court CasesIII. Civil Rights MovementCurrent LectureI. Civil Rights What are Civil Rights?Civil Rights are rights that protect individuals’ freedom from the government, and ensure peoples right to nonviolently fight for them if they are infringed upon, as well as participate in the civil and political life of a society or state without discrimination or repression.As discussed in the previous lecture, Civil Rights are different from Civil Liberties.Civil Rights have been an issue and have been fought over for years in our nation’s history, and are still an ongoing issue.Historically in the 1800s, African Americans were discriminated against and treated as property. They were slaves and sold to wealthy white landowners to work. They were treated very unfairly and even cruelly, and had virtually no rights at all.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation came out in the middle of the Civil War, and freed slaves in rebelling states only. It was basically an effort to get people to leave these states and fight with the union.However, it was still a single step.II. Era of SegregationThe Civil Rights Act of 1875 forbid discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public spaces, but in 1883 it was declared unconstitutional. This decision outraged the black community and even some whites, as they felt it was opening the door to legalizing segregation. In 1892, Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which segregated whites and blacks in train cars. In 1896, Homer Plessy was arrested for sitting in the “White” area of a train car. Although he could easily pass as white due to his fair skin, he was classified as black because of his Creole heritage and required to sit in the “Colored” section. He knew what he was doing and chose to sit in the “White” section but identify as “Colored” in protest. When he was arrested the case went to the Supreme Court in the famous case, Plessy vs. Ferguson. Plessy’s lawyer said the Separate Car Act violated the 13th and the 14th Amendments. In 1896, the Supreme Court under Justice Henry Brown declared it constitutional. They basicallyset the whole precedent for “separate but equal.” This then went on to cover almost everything,public life, busses, bathrooms, schools, restaurants, etc.Another famous court case involving civil rights was Brown vs Board of Education. A young black girl had to walk six miles to and from school every day because she was not allowed to go to the white school close to her home. This case made people realize the severity of the “separate but equal” notion and how it was affecting even small children. It overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson.III. Civil Rights Movement100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans still faced a severe amount ofsegregation and discrimination. “Jim Crow” laws limited where they could go and what they could do; they faced cruelty and racism every day, and were essentially out casted.In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the “separate but equal” doctrine, and in the yearsthat followed civil rights activists and leaders nonviolently protested to bring change.In 1968 some progress was made with the Civil Rights Act of 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Andrew Goodman are just some of the prominent people who rose to power during this time and strove for equality and freedom.They achieved a lot and many unfair and oppressive laws were revoked.But….Have we reached equality