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UH BIOL 1344 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 1344 Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 Be familiar with blood - 8% of body weight, contains hemoglobin, pH about 7.35 in the veins, 7.45 in the arteries, specific gravity of blood is 1.05-1.06, 4-5 times more viscous than water, toomany red blood cells blood becomes too thick, rbc count too low this results in anemia. Know functions of blood: transportation of gases, transportation of nutrients, maintaining body temperature by distributing heat and causing vasodilation and vasoconstriction, maintaining fluid balance, providing immunity through antibodiesLecture 2 Homeostasis - maintenance of regular functions in the body. Blood is necessary in order to maintain homeostasis of body temperature, water levels, electrolytes, and blood loss through clotting which is called hemostasis. Clotting normally takes place within 5-8 minutes from the start of bleeding. Neutrophils are white blood cells which mediate immune system responses to infectious pathogens.Blood composition - 55% plasma, 45% formed elements (of this 99% red blood cells, 1% white blood cells, and platelets), and 1% leukocrit.Plasma composition - 92% water, 7% proteins, and 1% mixture of glucose, sodium, potassium, free fatty acids, lipids, and non-protein-nitrogen (NPN). NPN is general name given to the components of urea, creatine, and uric acid. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - make up 99% of all blood cells. They are anucleated which means that they lack cell nucleus. They have few ribosomes, no cell organelles, and have a shortlife span of 120 days. They are destroyed in the spleen at a rate of 3 million cells/second. Lecture 3 Need to know erythropoiesis (formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow) - 3 million red blood cells are made per second. The rate of production and destruction should be about the same so that rbc count does not become too high or too low. Hemoglobin (Hg) - red pigment in blood which transports oxygen, 33% of an rbc. Normal hemoglobin has glutamic acid which makes it soluble. It is possible for there to be a mutation inthe cell which replaces this glutamic acid with valine which causes the hemoglobin to be insoluble. This results in sickle cell anemia which means the cell has pointed ends, cannot go through capillaries, and therefore causes pain. Myoglobin - monomeric which means “single unit.” It is found in muscles and is not released into the blood except in case of injury. It is made up of a single chain of 153 amino acids.Types of AnemiaLow Hg:- Nutritional anemia – caused by an iron deficiency in the diet- Microcytic anemia – cells are small in size- Macrocytic anemia – cells are large but lack enough hemoglobin, this is from a lack of vitamins B12 and folic acid- Pernicious anemia – lack of intrinsic factor from stomach so that vitamin B12 cannot be absorbed in the intestineAbnormal Hg:- Sickle cell anemia –cells are pointed at the ends so that they cannot pass through capillaries, they break down easily, and cause pain. Approximately 1/400 of African Americans have sickle cell anemia and about 1/12 are carriers. - Thalassemia major and minor – this is mostly seen in the Mediterranean and Asia. It is a fatal condition if the major form. If the minor form, the patient must receive constant blood transfusions. Blood types: Type Antigen AntibodiesA A bB B aO - a, b (universal donor)AB A, B - (universal recipient)Lecture 4 Need to know blood coagulation – 13 factors1. Fibrinogen2. Prothrombin3. Thromboplastin4. Ionic Ca2+5. Proaccelerin6. Accelerin7. Procavortin8. Anti-hemophilic factor A: classical hemophilia9. Anti-hemophilic factor B: Christmas factor10. Stuart –Prower factor or Thrombokinase11. Anti-hemophilic factor C12. Hageman factor13. Fibrin stabilizing factor 3 Stages of Blood Clotting1. Prothrombinase inactive uses factor 10 (Thrombokinase) to turn into prothrombinase active2. Prothrombin changes into thrombin3. Fibrinogen which is soluble and globular changes into fibrin which is fibrous, insoluble, and a soft clot.This soft clot then uses factor 13 to transform into a hard clot. The hard clot eventually retracts using thrombosthenin and finally dissolves which is called clot lysis using plasminogen and fibrinolysin. Intra-vascular clotting – plaque builds up so blood vessel is narrower and clot results. Can results in aneurysm, hemorrhage, stroke, and death. The heart - in the mediastinum, 250-350 grams in weight, and points about 70 degrees to the left of the body in most peopleBlood flow through the heart - enters heart through superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, comes in the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, then leaves through the pulmonary track to go to the lungs to get oxygenated. This newly oxygenated blood goes into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle, then is pumped out into the rest of the body through the aorta. Systemic circuit -from the heart to the body back to the heart, about one minute cycle Pulmonary circuit – from heart to lungs back to heart – 12 second cycleLecture 5 Layers of the heart: epicardium (visceral), myocardium (muscular), endocardium (endothelium)4 Valves in Heart - fibrous, collagen tissues, non-conducting, non-contractile 1) Aortic Valve2) Tricuspid Valve 3) Bicuspid Valve4) Pulmonary Semilunar Valve Coronary arteries - supply the heart with the blood. They move about 5 Liters of blood/minute or about 70 mL per beat with 70 beats/minutes. Blood pressure should be 120/70 mmHg in the systemic circuit, 25/8 mmHg in the pulmonary circuit. Cardiac Muscle Cells – 99% are auto rhythmic, contractile, excitable cells which generate force and action potential which causes muscle contraction. 1% are auto rhythmic, excitable, but non-contractile and generate an electrical impulse. Pace Maker Cells – 2 types – sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node. These keep the heart rate at approximately 70 beats per minute (bpm).Lecture 6 Polarized or depolarized cells – Cells contain proteins and phosphate which make them negative.However, they also contain potassium, or K+, which are positive. If a cell is negative inside it is called polarized. If it is positive it is called depolarized. The sodium/potassium pump regulates these levels and restores ionic conditions in the cell. This pump uses ATP to continually pump out 3 Na+ and pump in 2 K+ in. Need to know generating action potential – 4 stages of cardiac muscles


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UH BIOL 1344 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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