HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FOR THE LECTURE ON WORLD WAR II FROM ISOLATIONIST TO GLOBAL SUPERPOWER Pearl Harbor Lead up to Pearl Harbor Worldwide Depression Worldwide Conflict Totalitarian aggression Japan Germany Italy American Isolationism Armament and the Four Freedoms The Uneasy Alliance United States Great Britain Soviet Union War in Europe War in the Pacific The Advent of Atomic Warfare Diplomatic Lessons of World War II Outline of Current Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FOR WORLD WAR II THE HOME FRONT Mobilization on the Home Front The Office of War Information OWI Economic Expansion War Work New jobs new workers Urbanization and migration Women in the workforce Race Ethnicity and World War II African Americans and a growing civil rights movement Japanese American internment Mexican immigration and Braceros Jewish immigrants and Jewish Americans Ethnic whites Domestic legacies of World War II Current Lecture 1 Mobilization on the Home Front a The Office of War Information OWI i 1942 ii Distributed propaganda to promote the war iii Worked with Hollywood Director Frank Capra 1 Directed series of films called Why We Fight 2 Explained war to US soldiers and citizens iv Banned publication of anything showing dead American soldiers 1 Feared these images would demoralize the public v Warned information from the front lines could aid the enemy b Economic Expansion i Finally meant end of great depression 1 Dr New Deal replaced by Dr Win the War a Many new deal plans and programs had been stopped b All expenses that went towards new deal programs were dwarfed for defense funding ii Strong economy was something that could be used against the enemy 1 If the US produced more food fuel weapons or any other types of production the allies would win the war iii US had advantage over all the allies for its production possibility 1 Population was large enough to support the armed forces as well as the labor force 2 American industry was isolated from enemy attacks since war was being fought in Europe iv War production Board 1942 1 Goal in first year was huge numbers of planes tanks and ships 2 Fed government spent about 2 million dollars a day to support the war a Government spent twice as much money as it had in its entire history just during WWII v Supported by Revenue Act of 1942 Victory Tax 1 75 of American workers would pay taxes 2 Number of people taxed jumped from 4 million to 42 million 3 Government required employers to withhold taxes from employees vi Sold War Bonds 1 Millions bought vii Supported war effort by buying 1 National debt increased 700 during the war viii Government stepped up regulations of resources 1 Allocated scarce resources by converting entire industries over to war production ix Rationing x Whole world was ready to buy American products 2 War Work a New jobs new workers i New factories meant new jobs ii Unemployment practically disappears iii 17 million new jobs created iv Factories operated 24 7 1 Workers were paid overtime when needed 2 Produced twice as much as Germany and 5 times as much as Japanese b Congress of Industrial Organizations CIO Grows i Unionship on a rise ii Well paying high union jobs were available to many 1 Most had to move west or north though c Urbanization and migration i California and Florida saw much due to ship building ii North saw more due to more factories iii Michigan sees influx due to automobile industry iv Rural areas decline in population 1 War changes face of agriculture 2 Especially in south where people abandoned farms for factories d Women in the workforce i While men to war women entered work force ii 1 3 of all war workers 1 25 wives and mothers iii Most women were not actually building planes and tanks 1 Mostly working in jobs reserved for women workers a Secretary and clerks iv When veterans returned the idea that women were only needed during the war took full control and most were laid off after v Didn t change view of women s role 1 Assured men that women were only needed during war time 2 Still said woman s place was in the home 3 Race Ethnicity and World War II a War brought unity to America i Still remained hard for racial minorities to gain full rights b African Americans and a growing civil rights movement i More jobs did open up for blacks 1 Moved from south in high rates 2 Once they moved to these industrialized centers though they were excluded from higher paying jobs ii Migration cause many tensions 1 Southern employers didn t want to lose black workers a Could pay them less 2 African Americans moved into northern neighborhoods that were previously all white a Cause much tension 3 White workers were afraid of losing their jobs iii Race riots on the rise again 1 Detroit 1943 a Fist fight between black and white man at amusement park b Grew into confrontation between groups at the park then spread into city c Violence ended after FDR ordered 6k federal troops into the city i Requested by Detroit mayor d 9 whites killed 25 blacks killed 19 by police i More tensions iv African Americans in the Military 1 Many soldiers hoped their service would be a way to prove loyalty to US a Prove true Americans b Leverage greater rights 2 Served in every branch 3 Before 1940 though barred from flying a Black press and civil rights pushed against this b Tuskegee Airmen formed i Group of black Americans trained to fly and maintain combat aircraft ii Represented advance in African American rights 1 Also revamped Jim Crow c Still treated as 2nd class soldiers d Army still segregated i Blacks placed in non combat jobs v Black women faced problems in workforce 1 Assigned to only help blacks or German prisoners vi Despite problems activist realize opportunities the war produced vii Phillip Randolph 1 Calls for blacks to demand equal rights for time served in war 2 March on Washington a Called on blacks to travel to DC for mass march b Meant to protest discrimination in military federal jobs and against Jim Crow c FDR Ideal that many black protestors converging on DC would create negative publicity world wide i FDR meets with Randolph to discuss solution 1 Executive Order 8802 a Banned discrimination in the military c d e f b Formed fair employment practices committee i Investigated war time discrimination viii Double V Campaign 1 Victory over fascism abroad and racism at home 2 Congress of Racial Equality 3 NAACP sees membership grow due to campaign ix War time game of civil rights movement