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TAMU HIST 106 - World War II: Home Front
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HIST 106 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FOR THE LECTURE ONWORLD WAR II: FROM ISOLATIONIST TO GLOBAL SUPERPOWER• Pearl Harbor• Lead-up to Pearl HarborWorldwide DepressionWorldwide ConflictTotalitarian aggression: Japan, Germany, ItalyAmerican IsolationismArmament and the Four Freedoms• The Uneasy AllianceUnited States, Great Britain, Soviet Union• War in Europe• War in the Pacific• The Advent of Atomic Warfare• Diplomatic Lessons of World War IIOutline of Current Lecture LECTURE OUTLINE FORWORLD WAR II: THE HOME FRONT• Mobilization on the Home FrontThe Office of War Information (OWI)Economic Expansion• War WorkNew jobs, new workersUrbanization and migrationWomen in the workforce• Race, Ethnicity, and World War IIAfrican Americans and a growing civil rights movementJapanese American internmentMexican immigration and BracerosJewish immigrants and Jewish AmericansEthnic whites• Domestic legacies of World War IICurrent Lecture1) Mobilization on the Home Fronta) The Office of War Information (OWI)i) 1942ii) Distributed propaganda to promote the wariii) Worked with Hollywood Director Frank Capra(1) Directed series of films called “Why We Fight”(2) Explained war to US soldiers and citizensiv) Banned publication of anything showing dead American soldiers(1) Feared these images would demoralize the publicv) Warned information from the front lines could aid the enemyb) Economic Expansioni) Finally meant end of great depression(1) “Dr. New Deal” replaced by “Dr. Win the War”(a) Many new deal plans and programs had been stopped(b) All expenses that went towards new deal programs were dwarfed for defensefundingii) Strong economy was something that could be used against the enemy(1) If the US produced more food, fuel, weapons, or any other types of production, the allies would win the wariii) US had advantage over all the allies for its production possibility(1) Population was large enough to support the armed forces as well as the labor force(2) American industry was isolated from enemy attacks since war was being fought in Europeiv) War production Board 1942(1) Goal in first year was huge numbers of planes, tanks, and ships(2) Fed government spent about 2 million dollars a day to support the war(a) Government spent twice as much money as it had in its entire history just during WWIIv) Supported by Revenue Act of 1942 (Victory Tax)(1) 75% of American workers would pay taxes(2) Number of people taxed jumped from 4 million to 42 million(3) Government required employers to withhold taxes from employeesvi) Sold War Bonds(1) Millions boughtvii) Supported war effort by buying(1) National debt increased 700% during the warviii)Government stepped up regulations of resources(1) Allocated scarce resources by converting entire industries over to war productionix) Rationingx) Whole world was ready to buy American products2) War Worka) New jobs, new workersi) New factories meant new jobsii) Unemployment practically disappearsiii) 17 million new jobs creatediv) Factories operated 24/7 (1) Workers were paid overtime when needed(2) Produced twice as much as Germany and 5 times as much as Japaneseb) Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) Growsi) Unionship on a riseii) Well paying high union jobs were available to many(1) Most had to move west or north thoughc) Urbanization and migrationi) California and Florida saw much due to ship buildingii) North saw more due to more factoriesiii) Michigan sees influx due to automobile industryiv) Rural areas decline in population(1) War changes face of agriculture(2) Especially in south where people abandoned farms for factoriesd) Women in the workforcei) While men to war, women entered work forceii) 1/3 of all war workers(1) 25% wives and mothersiii) Most women were not actually building planes and tanks(1) Mostly working in jobs reserved for women workers (a) Secretary and clerksiv) When veterans returned, the idea that women were only needed during the war took full control and most were laid off afterv) Didn’t change view of women’s role(1) Assured men that women were only needed during war time(2) Still said woman’s place was in the home3) Race, Ethnicity, and World War IIa) War brought unity to Americai) Still remained hard for racial minorities to gain full rightsb) African Americans and a growing civil rights movementi) More jobs did open up for blacks(1) Moved from south in high rates(2) Once they moved to these industrialized centers though, they were excluded from higher paying jobsii) Migration cause many tensions(1) Southern employers didn’t want to lose black workers(a) Could pay them less(2) African Americans moved into northern neighborhoods that were previously all white(a) Cause much tension(3) White workers were afraid of losing their jobsiii) Race riots on the rise again(1) Detroit 1943(a) Fist fight between black and white man at amusement park(b) Grew into confrontation between groups at the park, then spread into city(c) Violence ended after FDR ordered 6k federal troops into the city(i) Requested by Detroit mayor(d) 9 whites killed, 25 blacks killed-19 by police(i) More tensionsiv) African Americans in the Military(1) Many soldiers hoped their service would be a way to prove loyalty to US(a) Prove true Americans(b) Leverage greater rights(2) Served in every branch(3) Before 1940 though, barred from flying(a) Black press and civil rights pushed against this(b) Tuskegee Airmen formed(i) Group of black Americans trained to fly and maintain combat aircraft(ii) Represented advance in African American rights1. Also revamped Jim Crow(c) Still treated as 2nd class soldiers(d) Army still segregated(i) Blacks placed in non-combat jobsv) Black women faced problems in workforce(1) Assigned to only help blacks or German prisonersvi) Despite problems, activist realize opportunities the war producedvii) Phillip Randolph(1) Calls for blacks to demand equal rights for time served in war(2) March on Washington(a) Called on blacks to travel to DC for mass march(b) Meant to protest discrimination in military, federal jobs, and against Jim Crow(c) FDR Ideal that many black protestors converging on DC would create negativepublicity world wide(i) FDR meets with Randolph to discuss solution1. Executive Order 8802a. Banned discrimination in the militaryb. Formed fair employment practices committeei. Investigated war time discriminationviii)Double V Campaign(1) Victory over fascism abroad and


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TAMU HIST 106 - World War II: Home Front

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