BIOL 1344 Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Preload and Afterload of the HeartII. Blood VesselsA. Layers of Blood VesselsB. VeinsC. ArteriesD. CapillariesOutline of Current Lecture III. Blood PressureA. Blood Pressure LevelsB. Mean Arterial PressureC. Blood Pressure RegulatorsIV. Lymphatic System StructuresV. Immune SystemCurrent LectureBlood pressure should remain at about 120 (systolic) / 70 (diastolic) in the systemic circuit. In the pulmonary circuit it should be about 25/8. If this becomes too high it can result in edema or pulmonary hypertension. If there is vasodilation in the blood vessels, BP falls, is there is vasoconstriction BP rises. Arterioles which are the tiniest arteries provide maximum resistance to blood flow. Vascular tone refers to the slight contraction which is constant in blood vessels which maintain BP because of this contraction. When listening to the heart beat, there are two sounds called lub dup or the Korotkoff Sounds. The lub referes to the sound of avioventricular valves closing, the dup is the semilunar valves closing.Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure. Pulse pressure is systolicpressure minus diastolic pressure. If MAP becomes too low or high that is a problem. If it becomes greater than 160 mmHg, it can result in a cerebral edema. There are several regulators of blood pressure. 1. Neural control: this includes sympathetic fibers and smooth muscles of the blood vessels2. Hormonal control: if BP falls, antidiuretic hormones (ADH) are released which cause water retention so that blood volume increases and BP rises againThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. Baroreceptors : these are pressure sensors which are located in aortic bodies and carotidbodies4. Chemoreceptors: also pressure sensors which are located in aortic bodies, carotid bodes,and the medullaLymphatic System – basic lymphatic structures1. Lymph nodes: axillary, inguinal, tonsils (palatine, lingual), mucosa (associated lymphatic tissue), Peyer’s patches (in the intestine),2. Thymus: responsible for t-cell maturation3. Bone marrow: responsible for b-cell maturation4. Spleen Immune SystemNon-specific Immunity: 1. Natural killer cells – create holes in target cells (tumor cells) and the cell dies. 2. Phagocytosis: neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, (eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells) all cause histamine reactions or allergic reactions which result in inflammation (redness, pain, heat, pain, fever).Specific Immunity: B-cells – antibodies: immunoglobulins (IgG most common, IgA, IgE, IgM, IgD first to appear)T-cells – helper t-cells and cytotoxic T-cells which kill tumor cellsActive immunity: body produces antibodiesPassive immunity: antibodies are
View Full Document
Unlocking...