PSYC 410 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 13Chapter 1Why do we study “abnormal” psychology?1) To be able to accurately describe it2) To explain it3) To predict behavior4) To control and interveneEtiology – the cause of a disease or conditionStatistics: About 1 in 4 adult Americans experience a psychological disorder in any given year.Women are more likely than men to suffer from a psychological disorder, especially mood disorders.How do we know what is “normal”?1) Deviancy – deviation from social norms2) Cultural/Contextual3) Perceptions of reality – delusions are abnormal4) Significant personal distress – feelings of distress persist long after the source of distress isremoved5) Maladaptive or self-defeating behaviors – behaviors that lead to unhappiness or limits one’s ability to function in expected roles6) Dangerousness7) Severity8) FrequencyUsually, a combination of criteria is used to define “abnormal.”What does mental illness affect?a) Cognitionb) Behaviorsc) EmotionsDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-The DSM was first published in 1952, and the most recent revision, the DSM-5, in 2013.-In 1974, homosexuality was no longer classified as a psychological disorder.-Until the DSM-5, psychological disorders were categorized in five axes: clinical disorders, personality disorders and mental retardation, medical problems, problems in living, and global assessment functioning.-It is descriptive, categorical (DSM-3 and 4) or dimensional (DSM-5), and atheoretical.Most disorders are progressive on a scale of severity from least to most severe.←------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------→Comorbidity – disorders which occur togetherDeinstitutionalization – a policy of shifting the burden of care from state hospitals to community-based treatment settings.- This caused an increase in the psychiatric homeless populationChapter 2Psychodynamic TheorySigmund Freud – believed the roots of psychological problems involved unconscious motives and conflicts that could be traced back to childhood- Oedipal complex- Sexual energy: libido- Structure of mind: conscious, preconscious, and unconsciouso Id: unconscious impulseso Super Ego: moral standards and valueso Ego: mediator between super ego and id- Freud saw dreams as the royal road to the unconsciouso Dreams represent our unconscious conflicts- Defense mechanisms: denial, regression, and sublimation- Catharsis – the process of bringing anxiety into awareness- Carl Jung – believed in a collective conscious containing archetypesBehaviorist Theory- Rejects everything Freud believed- Behavior is based solely on experience- Classical conditioning – associated learning- Operant conditioning – receive a reward to increase the likelihood of a behavioro Positive vs. negative reinforceso Positive vs. negative punishmentHumanistic Psychology- Carl Rogers’ 3 necessities for therapists:o Genuinenesso Empathyo Unconditional positive regard- A problem with this approach is that it can’t be quantified or measured.Cognitive Psychology- Albert Ellis- Aaron BeckCognitive-Behavioral Therapy – using thoughts to change behaviors to change emotionsDialectical Behavioral Therapy – there is a tension between what you think and feel, and one must achieve a healthy balanceEclectic Therapy – a combination of theories is used, depending on the situationDiathesis-Stress Model – predisposition + stress = illnessNeurotransmitter – chemicals substances that carry messages in the brain- Dopamine, norepinephrine, seratoninSynapse – the connecting point between two neurons across which neurotransmitters travelPsychotropic Medication- Antianxiety Drugso Valium, Xanax- Antipsychotic Drugso Thorazine, Prolixin, Clozaril, Zyprexa, Geodon- Antidepressantso SSRIs (Prozac, Zoloft), SNRIs- Mood-stabilizerso Lithium carbonateo Anticonvulsive drugsChapter 4Stress – the body’s reaction to the demands, both internal and external, placed upon itThe General Adaptation Syndrome1) Alarm Phase2) Resistant Phase3) Exhaustion PhaseHow to combat stress and avoid sickness:- Eat well, sleep, exercise, and playSleep Hygiene:1) No naps2) Awaken at same time every day3) Limit caffeine and alcohol4) Limit late-night exercise5) Try to fall asleep no longer than 20 mins6) Only use your bed for sleep and sex7) Sleep in a comfortable environmentPsychological Factors that Moderate Stress- Learned helplessness (M. Seligman) vs. learned optimism- Permanence: permanent vs. temporary- Pervasiveness: universal vs. specific- Personalization: internal vs. externalVirtues of Successful People:1) Wisdom and knowledge – creativity, curiosity2) Courage – bravery, persistence, integrity3) Humanity – love, kindness4) Temperance – forgiveness, humility5) Transcendence – gratitude, hope, spiritualityAdjustment Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder- See document on Blackboard- Amygdala – the part of the brain that manages intense emotionso Tends to be smaller in people with PTSD- Who gets PTSD?o Low level of self-efficacy, high level of hostility, history of childhood abuse, lack ofsocial support network, limited coping skills- EMDR – eye movement desensitization repatterningStatistics: Less than 10% of people develop trauma/stress disordersAffect – anything that has to do with emotions or emotional expression Chapter 13Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- A disorder of behavioral inhibition – a person with ADHD cannot inhibit a behavioral response.- Key features: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity- Can be described as a dysregulation of attention.- Affects the prefrontal lobes, where executive processing takes place.- Is often over diagnosed in children.- Is diagnosed two to nine times more often in boys than in girls.- Treated with stimulant medications.o Ritalin, Concerta- Strattera is not a stimulant, but is also used to treat ADHDo Acts as an SNRI (selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)- Behavioral therapy is also a very effective treatmento Reinforcement principlesStatistics: In 2014, it was reported that 1 in 68 children have autism.The rate of autism is 5 times higher in boys (1 in 42) than in girls (1 in 189).Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)- Characterized by angry,