ANA 113Exam # 1 Study Guide: Lectures 1-12 and Lab#1Lecture 1: The Cell- The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all organisms. - The body is mostly made of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, along with trace amounts of other elements.- All cells generally contain inorganic (water and electrolytes) and organic compounds.- Organic compounds include:o Proteins – made from amino acids that determine whether a protein will be used for structure, or as an enzyme or a hormone.o Carbohydrates – compounds composed of CHO and come in the forms of monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose), and polysaccharides (glycogen). o Lipids – include fats (triglycerides) which are used as energy storage as well as cholesterol and phospholipids that are used in cell membranes.o Nucleic Acids – used to make DNA and RNA.- Cell componentso Cell membrane – composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. Its main functions are to serve as a compartment to house the other organelles, regulate movement of materials in and out of the cell, provide a means for intercellular communication and adhesion, and provide recognition sites for hormones, antibodies, and enzymes.o Nucleus – has a dense mass that contains chromatin (mixture of DNA and protein). It is surrounded by its own nuclear membrane and contains the nucleolus (site of rRNAsynthesis). Its functions include storing genetic material, regulating cell metabolism and organelle activity, and it is involved in mitotic division. o Ribosome – composed of protein and is used for protein synthesis.o Endoplasmic Reticulum – a network of membranous channels that is continuous withthe nuclear membrane. Its main function is to serve as a channel for communication and transport throughout the cell. The Rough ER has many ribosomes embedded in its surface, making it a key site for the synthesis of proteins destined for the outside of the cell. The Smooth ER is used for lipid synthesis and metabolism, and calcium storage.o Golgi Complex – looks like a stack of flattened sacs that are important for the storageand packaging of materials into vesicles or granules for secretion. o Mitochondria – shaped like a rod with internal compartments (cisternae) that contain the enzymes responsible for cellular respiration (product is ATP).o Microtubules – small, hollow tubules made from tubulin. They run through the cytoplasm and are used as a supporting network, conducting channels, and make up centrioles and cilia.o Centrioles – cylindrically shaped organelle that plays a critical role in cell division by acting as the organizing center.o Microfilaments – thin strands of protein that not only provide skeletal support, but are also very important for contractile activities and cell locomotion. - There are three different types of cell junctions:o Tight – forms a tight, impenetrable seal.o Desmosomes – “spot weld” cells by extending microtubules between cells.o Gap – allows for passage of materials and used for cell-cell communication.Lecture 2: Life of a Cell- Cell Cycleo Interphase G1 – cell growth and organelle duplication; protein synthesis. S – DNA replication; cell is very vulnerable to DNA damage. G2 – synthesis of proteins and microtubules.o Mitosis Prophase – chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane disappears. Metaphase – chromatids (paired chromosomes) line up along the cell equator. Anaphase – chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Telophase – the cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing the same amount of DNA. Cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) where 22 pairs are autosomes and 1 pair are sex chromosomes.- After completion of mitosis, cells can either continue this process, rest as an “uncommitted” cell, or differentiate and never divide again. o Cells that have lost their ability to divide – mature red blood cells (no nucleus), neurons, and muscle cells.o Cells that need to be induced to divide – liver and white blood cells. o Cells that continuously divide – skin, intestinal lining, and bone marrow cells. These cells are especially vulnerable to DNA damage because they constantly replicate.- Terminologyo Chromosome – dark-staining, thread-like body in the nucleus containing genetic information.o Gene – hereditary unit or source of information for synthesis; segment or portion of DNA on a chromosome.o Karyotype – number and type of chromosomes an individual possesses.o Mitotic Spindle – segregates chromosomes into two daughter cells.o Chromatid – duplicated chromosome.- Meiosis results in the formation of four daughter cells that contain only ½ the DNA and number of chromosomes as the parent cell (23 chromosomes) Meiosis takes place in thegonads, producing sperm (males) and ova (females).- Cellular Adaptationso Hypertrophy – increase in cell size.o Hyperplasia – increase in mitotic activity.o Atrophy – decrease in cell size.o Metaplasia – changes in cell in response to disease or chronic irritation results in the transformation of a cell into a different cell type.o Neoplasm – new cell mass that can be benign or malignant.Lectures 3 and 4: Tissue- A tissue is a group of cells that act together to perform a special function. The study of tissue is called histology. - There are four types of tissue: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue.- Epitheliumo Consists of cells held closely together by cellular adhesions resting on a basement membrane. This type of tissue is highly cellular with very little intercellular material, but it is avascular (not penetrated by blood vessels) and receives its nutrients by diffusion from underlying tissue.o The functions of epithelial tissue include protection, lining of body cavities, sensory perception, absorption and secretion of nutrients, filtration (kidney), and the formation of glands. o Epithelial tissue can be classified as simple (one layer), stratified (many layers), pseudostratified (appearance of many layers, but really just one layer), squamous (flat), cuboidal (square), and columnar (rectangular). o Glands formed by epithelial tissue can be further classified as either endocrine (secrete hormones directly into the blood stream; highly vascularized) or exocrine (secrete products through a duct to the site of action; unicellular gland = goblet cell; multicellular gland = salivary