CHEM 102 Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Enzyme Catalysisa. Definitionb. Three qualities II. Chemical Equilibriuma. Definitionb. How it worksIII. Principle of Le Chateliera. Definition IV. Acids and Basesa. Definitionb. Qualities of acids and basesc. Weak or Strong Acids and BasesV. pHa. Definitionb. How to calculate pH VI. Buffersa. Definitionb. How Buffers workOutline of Current Lecture I. Organic Chemistrya. Definitionb. What hydrocarbons areII. Families of HydrocarbonsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Different types of hydrocarbonsb. Saturated vs. UnsaturatedIII. Molecular and Structural Formulaa. Combining Powersb. Structural Formula – different typesc. Naming Elements d. Alkanes and their IsomersCurrent LectureChapter 3Organic Chemistry – study of carbon containing compounds*Carbon compounds are studied because they cantinate*Cantinate – the ability for an atom to bond to itself multiple times; Carbon can cantinate billionsof timesHydrocarbons – class of compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only- Four classes of Hydrocarbons incluce…a. Alkanesb. Alkenesc. Alkynesd. Aromatics*In chapter 3, Alkanes are what is talked about, mostly* Alkane – Saturated hydrocarbons with only carbon-carbon single bonds having the general formulaa. It must be fully saturatedb. There are no double bonds, only single bonds between atomsc. All carbons must be tetrahedrald. It must have the maximum number of H+Saturated – The compound contains the maximum number of Hydrogens and contain carbon-carbon single bonds only ( ALKANES)Unsaturated- there must be at least one double bond to hydrogen (ALKENES, ALKYNES, and AROMATICS) Molecular and Structural FormulasCombining Power of Carbon – Carbon will form compounds so that there are four bonds about the carbon atom; the bonds don’t all have to be single bonds, there can be one double bond and 2 single bonds or just two double bonds.*If the combining power rule is broken, the atom will have a + or – charge on it**Different Elements have different Combining powers, see the chart below*Structural Formula – can’t be correct (can’t represent a real compound) unless the combining power of each atom is represented correctly; it is only correct if you can translate it into a correct structural formulaTypes of Structural Formulas- Expanded Molecular Formula: The threes and twos represent how many hydrogens are on that particular carbon. There are 3 hydrogens on each of the end carbons, two hydrogen on the middle carbons, and one hydrogen on the middle carbons that have another CH attached to them at the top (represented by CH(CH3)). CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3- Molecular FormulaCH5H12- Expanded Structural Formula (without hydrogens)(See pic)- Condensed Structural Formula (a carbon is placed at each point in the structure) (See Pic)Ex. Which of the following has the correct molecular formula?CH2F2 it has to be this one because it fully fulfills the combining powers ruleCH3F2 does not fulfill combining powersCH2F does not fulfill combining powers*YOU MUST MEMORIZE THE FIRST TEN ALKANES AND THEIR FORMULAS!!! MAKE FLASHCARDS*https://www.google.com/search?q=first+ten+alkanes+chart&espv=2&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&imgil=cjWjjID0HStNZM%253A%253BOfT8G6DEiIjsoM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fwpscms.pearsoncmg.com%25252Fau_hss_brown_chemistry_1%25252F57%25252F14650%25252F3750426.cw%25252F-%25252F3750449%25252Findex.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=cjWjjID0HStNZM%253A%252COfT8G6DEiIjsoM%252C_&usg=__g6R0JyO1Lfo95D0IJk0Nb3fnZJI%3D&dpr=0.9&ved=0CDAQyjc&ei=zSEjVIvPHJeWgwTJloCIBQ#facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=0UkEN0PutCkjuM%253A%3BOrkfsqxLMm26LM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Flibrary.tedankara.k12.tr%252Fchemistry%252Fvol1%252Forgchem%252Ftrans94.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmistergouldchemistry.blogspot.com%252F2014_05_01_archive.html%3B619%3B290Isomers – two or more compounds with the SAME molecular formula but DIFFERENT arrangements of atoms *Isomers can differ in boiling point, color, solubility, reactivity, density, etc.*Constitutional Isomers – compounds that differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded together (straight vs. branched chain)EX. The compounds have the same number of carbons, but they are arranged differentlyNaming Branch-Chain Alkanes1. Locate the longest continuous chain without going backwards. This will be the parent chain2. Number the Carbons from left to right and vice versa3. Identify the Alkyl groups attached to the longest group4. Identify the number the Alkyl group is attached to. If the numbers are different, pick the lowest one5. Write the Carbon number, then Alkyl group name, then the parent