PSY 326 Fall 2014Exam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 Overview (Intro to Memory)What is memory?Memory is the record of past experiences, represented in a way that allows us to access (some) of them later on - as much as 60+ years after they occurred. It allows us to recall events (reflecting on our past experinces and acquiring new life events; also knowing what was real vs imagined) and world knowledge (acquiring new information and facts, as well as knowing what we know.)What are the different types of memory? Is there more than one? Do they last a short or long time? Are they all experienced as “remembering”? Do our past experiences influence our behavior without conscious awareness? How do the multiple types of memory work?Atkinson and Shiffrin's Memory Model-Information from the external environment is perceived and then very briefly stored in sensory memory, which is considered to be a perceptual store.-Information is then passed to a limited-capacity, short-term memory store- Finally, information can be encoded in the unlimited long-term store, relatively permanentlyWhat are the separate sensory memory registers for each modality? What kind of information can short-term memory access? What is working memory? What are the two types of long-termmemory? What other types of memory fall under these two categories?The different sensory memory registers are iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), and haptic (tactile).Perception feeds into short-term memory, where a limited amount of information can be rehearsed for temporary storage. Working memory is a mental workspace, linked to attention, where information within short-term memory can be manipulated, providing a basis for "thought." Long-term memory is often subdivided into declarative (explicit) memory and nondeclarative (implicit) memory. Declarative memory includes episodic memory (memory for unique past events) and semantic memory (memory for knowledge of the world). Nondeclarative memory includes classical conditioning, motor skill learning, and more.What are the different approaches to memory research?Cognitive: understanding the processes involved in memory, including learning, storage, and remembering.Biological: understanding the brain mechanisms of learning, the function of various brain regions, and how the brain allows us to record, store, and retrieve memories.Life Span: understanding how memory develops in childhood, and how it changes as we grow. Applied: understanding how our knowledge of memory informs us about everyday tasks, situations, and problems; investigation of everyday applications of memory, such as rehabilitation for memory problems, how to optimize memory performance, etc.Lecture 2 Overview (Intro to Memory cont.)What are the different ways of studying the brain? What are the different types of neuroimaging techniques?Brain injured patients, animal models, cellular research, and neuroimaging are all great ways to gain insight on brain processes. The three most common types of neuroimaging are PET (positron-emission tomography), fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), and MEG (magnetoencephalography). PET is where a radioactive substance is introduced into the bloodstream and tracked to compare the metabolic activity or neurotransmitter operation of different brain regions. An fMRI is a non-invasive procedure that measures the brain's consumption of oxygen based on how different atomic nuclei align under a strong magnetic field. MEG is a newer, non-invasive method of recording tiny magnetic forces generated by neurons.What are the different types of memory? How do they each work?Episodic Memory: memory for specific past events that have been experienced by an individual.These events occur only once, in a specific time and place, and require "mental time travel" ("autonoetic consciousness") during recollection. There is not just one, but multiple "types" of this memory.Semantic Memory: memory for information and knowledge about the world that is not tied to aspecific time, place, or past event. This knowledge can be facts about the world and general information. Personal facts are referred to as "personal semantics."Autobiographical Memory: An episodic memory where you are a key player in the event, usuallyreferring also to memories in our lives that are important to us and were highly emotional.Short-term Memory: Memory for a limited amount of information that is held in mind, or our conscious awareness, for a brief period of time. As soon as you are distracted, the information islost.Long-term Memory: Memory for information and events (including both episodic and semanticmemories) that are stored in some form that makes them available to us even long periods of time after the information or memories were acquired.Working Memory: a mental workspace, linked to attention, where information in short term memory stores (both visual and auditory) can be manipulated and combined with information from long term memory and/or the external world. Working memory provides the basis for "thought."Prospective Memory: remembering to do something in the future that is cued either by a specific cue in the environment, or by your own internal "clock".Metamemory: our knowledge about how memory works in general and our own memory abilities. This includes our understanding of strategies for learning and remembering, monitoring our own memory abilities and the information that is available in our memory, and how efficient various methods of learning and remembering will be.Explicit Memory: whenever we consciously recollect a fact or past event. This term is often usedto refer to different types of memory tests, rather than a particular single "type" of memory.Implicit Memory: when a prior experience influences our future behavior, even when we are not consciously aware of the connection between the two events, or even when we are not consciously aware of the prior experience itself. Many examples of implicit memory are referredto as "priming", that is, information presented during a previous experience "primes" our futurebehavior.Procedural Memory: Learning motor and perceptual skills. Learning is usually incrementally better through practice, and once acquired, we are not particularly aware of the skill; it becomes "automatic", meaning that it does not require much direct conscious control on our part. Source Memory: remembering the context or circumstances of the previous event, rather than the