Apples and HealthBoosts Immune SystemHuge amount of vitamin cLow in calories70-100Prevents tooth decayJuices in apples have properties that kill that bacteriaFlorizon- prevents osteoporosis and increases bone and teeth densityReduce cholesterolTwo apples a day- brings cholesterol down 15%Lowering respiratory problemsPrevent brain disease with phyto-nutrientsPrevent heart diseaseCancer preventionSeeds contain high amounts of Vitamin B17Nitrilosides- contain a cyanide moleculeDon’t readily release the cyanideSome tumor cells have the correct enzyme that will cause the release of the cyanide molecule into the tumor, and not anywhere elseCancer wonder drug?Uniquely absorbed by tumor cellsOnly enzyme that can break it down exists in a tumor cellMay act like a “cancer bomb”Healthy cells neutralize the toxinApples in AmericaThere were no “edible apples in the Americas before ColumbusSeed plantings did much better than “old world” cuttingsWHY??Extreme heterozygotesThe cuttings were adapted to the old environment, seeds were not necessarily so.Seeds= sexual reproduction = new genotypes= new varietiesGood varieties were then propagated asexuallyGraftingICLICKER Q: and BThe early orchards started by the first colonists in America produced very few apples. Why were the apple yields so low at first?The old world varieties were not adapted to America and there were not any honeybees to pollinate thee apple tree when it produced flowers.Honeybees are native to Europe. America lacked the necessary pollinators for the apples. Colonists shipped honeybees to Virginia in 1622.John Chapman(1774-1845) born in MassachusettsTraveled the then frontier northwest territory of the US (western PA, Ohio, and eastern Indiana)He sowed apple seeds along the wayHe was an itinerant orchardist who gave away or sold apple seeds and seedlingsWhy the desire for apples?Apples on the frontierDesired for two reasons (Pollan)Sugar/sweetnessSugar was a luxuryPrototype for all desire?AlcoholGrafting vs. SeedsPollan- “Johnny Appleseed was bringing the gift of alcohol to the frontier”Mostly used in hard cider“Up until Prohibition, an apple grown in . . .A Quick Nip- “Hard” CiderAll that you need is a press and a barrelFerment the pressed apple juice½ the strength of wineDistilled (brandy)CalvadosFrozen (applejack)Every homestead in America had an orchardCider took the place of coffee, tea and waterThe BibleNothing bad to say about the appleGarden of Eden- fruit not namedEarly prohibitionSucceeded in switching drinkers over from grain and grape to apple spiritsNorthwest Territory and Land grantsRequired to plant at least 50 apple or pear treesEncouraged homesteaders to “put down roots”Suppress real estate speculationRember that it takes about 10 years from seed to fruitJohn Chapman- Quick ReviewBrought alcohol to the frontierSpread apple seeds and influenced settlement locationsUnwittingly drove forward the evolution of the appleAGRI 116 1nd Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Potatoes- By the Numbers!II. Potato BiologyIII. Potato Center of Origin and CultureIV. Potatoes in EuropeOutline of Current Lecture II. Apple BiologyIII. Apples and healthIV. Apple Historya. In Americab. John Chapman/PollanCurrent LectureApple BiologyCultivated apple (Malus x domestica)o Most widely grown fruit in the worldo Second most widely consumed fruit (beat by bananas)FlowersSelf-incompatible: most apples require cross-pollinationo Pollination service industryParts of the AppleEach apple contains five ovaries or cells (the core)o 1-2 seeds in eacho Potential for 5-10 different kinds of apples coming from those seedsThe fleshy fruit (receptacle) grows around the coreo Accessory fruit- flesh is derived from the adjacent tissue and not the ovary (ex: pineapples, strawberries, pears)It will take the apple tree about 10 years to start bearing fruit.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Seeding Appleso Extreme heterozygotes o Offspring very different than parentsGraftingDomestic apples are propagated asexually by graftingMethod(s) of asexual plant propagationo Tissues of one plant are encouraged to fuse with those of anothero One plant selected for stems, leaves, flowers or fruitso One plant selected for its rootso Cleft graftingo Most common typeo Natural Grafting (inosculation)o Roots of branches naturally grow togetherAverage apple tree:o Approx. 3,000 blossom budso Yields about 18,000 individual flowersSelf regulates crop loado 96% of fruit aborted in early developmentApple Originso The domestic apple is thought to have originated in the Caucasus Mountains of Central Asiao Apple is naturally adapted to temperate zones 30-45 degrees north and south of the equatorICLICKER- Seedling apples are considered to be extreme heterozygotes. This means: Apple seedswill produce trees different from their parentsApples and HealthBoosts Immune System- Huge amount of vitamin cLow in calories- 70-100Prevents tooth decayJuices in apples have properties that kill that bacteria Florizon- prevents osteoporosis and increases bone and teeth densityReduce cholesterol- Two apples a day- brings cholesterol down 15%Lowering respiratory problemsPrevent brain disease with phyto-nutrientsPrevent heart diseaseCancer prevention Seeds contain high amounts of Vitamin B17- Nitrilosides- contain a cyanide moleculeo Don’t readily release the cyanide Some tumor cells have the correct enzyme that will cause the release of the cyanide molecule into the tumor, and not anywhere else- Cancer wonder drug?o Uniquely absorbed by tumor cellso Only enzyme that can break it down exists in a tumor cell May act like a “cancer bomb”o Healthy cells neutralize the toxin Apples in America There were no “edible apples in the Americas before Columbus - Seed plantings did much better than “old world” cuttingsWHY??- Extreme heterozygoteso The cuttings were adapted to the old environment, seeds were not necessarily so. - Seeds= sexual reproduction = new genotypes= new varieties- Good varieties were then propagated asexually Grafting ICLICKER Q: and B The early orchards started by the first colonists in America produced very few apples. Why were the apple yields so low at first?- The old world varieties were not adapted to America and there were not any