Exam 2 Study Guide PSYC 306- Terms: anxiety, fear, & panico Anxiety- apprehensive feeling or fear, generalized, no sense of immediate danger,future basedo Fear- basic human emotion, triggers autonomic response of fight or flight, sense of immediate dangero Overwhelming episode of fear/danger etc. panic disorder- Specific and social phobias (symptoms, diagnosis & treatment)o Specific phobia- spiders, heights, blood injections etc, more common in women than men, excessive fear of a specific object or situation, 12% lifetime prevalence—treatment: exposure therapyo Social phobia- fear of being ridiculed or embarrassed in front of a lot of people etc. disabling fear, treatment—cognitive behavioral therapy, behavior therapy (similar to exposure therapy) and antidepressants- Prevalence of anxiety disorderso Life time prevalence of 12%o More common in women than in men- OCD (symptoms and treatment)o Defined by the occurrence of unwanted and intrusive thoughts and images that are distressing—usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors that are used to prevent some dreaded event/situation—treatment: exposure and response prevention, medications that affect serotonin (Prozac)- Generalized Anxiety (diagnosis and RX)o General anxiety about everything, must occur for at least 6 months for more daysthan not, 3% lifetime prevalence, causes- learned behavior, uncontrollability/unpredictability, tendency to pay attention to the dangerous side of things, conflict between id/ego, heredity, GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine, cortisol—Treatment: anxiolytics, buspirone, cognitive behavior therapy- Obsessions and compulsions (definitions)o Obsessions: contamination fears, hurting someone/yourself, lack of symmetry (body dysmorphic disorder) pathological doubto Compulsions: counting, cleaning, checking, ordering/arranging, repeating- Mood and affecto Mood is the overall temperament of the individualo Affect is the moment to moment basis of emotiono Affect is to mood as weather is to climate- Genetics and major depressiono Monozygotic twins showed more concordance with major depression than dizygotic twins- Neuroticism as a diathesiso Neuroticism, as well as other negative traits (negative affectivity), serve as a diathesis (or vulnerability) for stress and therefore other disorders such as depression- Neurotransmitters assoc. with unipolar mood disorderso Cortisol (not a neurotransmitter, but there is a definitive difference between normal and depressed individuals’ stress response system), norepinephrine, serotonin*, dopamine- Cognitive styles of depressed personso Beck’s cognitive model of depression Early experienceformation of dysfunctional beliefs  critical incidentbeliefs activated negative automatic thoughtssymptoms ofdepression- Depression and suicide risko Depression greatly increases the risk of suicideo Individuals with major depression are 50% more likely to commit suicideo Ranks in the top 10 causes of death in most western countries- Bipolar disorder vs. cyclothymiao Cyclothymia is similar to bipolar disorder as dysthymic disorder is to depressiono Similar to bipolar disorder, but less severe and has less symptomso Cyclical mood swings- Bipolar I and II diagnosiso Bipolar 1 is characterized by both episode of mania and unipolar episodeso Bipolar 2 does not have a full manic/mixed episode, but instead has a hypomanicepisode- Prognosis for bipolar disordero Generally starts during adolescence/young adulthood, equally prevalent in men and women, about 3 times more days depressed than manic, some individuals experience rapid cycling of episodes of mania or depression- ECT uses with major depressiono In some severely depressed people, ECT or electroconvulsive therapy can be used to alleviate symptoms of depression; electrical pulses are sent to the brain/prefrontal cortex while patient is under general anesthesia—brain experiences a controlled seizure- Age and highest rates of attempted suicide vs. completed suicideo Highest rates of suicide are seen in white folkso Highest attempt rates in middle aged 25-44 years oldo Highest completed in elderly 65+o Rates have tripled in teens since the 60s- Somatoform disorders, somatization disorder (diagnosis)o Somatoform disorders- group of disorders characterized by involving physical symptoms and complaints suggesting the presence of a medical condition without any evidence of physical pathology to account for themo Hypochondrias, somatization, pain disorder, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disordero Hypochondrias- individual has a fear of getting or having a serious illness, preoccupation lasts for at least 6 months, causes significant distress Explanation: disorder of cognition and perception—the person has rather fixed beliefs about causes of a disease in self and others that lead to faulty assumptions about symptoms and diseaseso Somatization disorder- many complaints of physical ailments lasting several years(before age 30), not adequately explained by independent findings of physical illness—very difficult to treat 4 pain symptoms, 2 gastrointestinal, 1 sexual, 1 pseudoneurological symptomo Pain disorder- characterized by the experience of persistent and severe pain in one or more areas of the body Resembles somatization disorder but without the other symptomso Conversion disorder- involves a pattern in which symptoms or deficits affecting sensory or voluntary motor functions lead one to think a patient has a medical condition Sensory symptoms or deficits/motor symptoms or deficits/seizures Difficult to both diagnose and treat- Body dysmorphic disorder diagnosiso Obsession with some perceived flaw in their appearance, 1-2% of the population suffers from this disorder, also have a depressive diagnosiso Closely linked with both OCD and eating disorders- Dissociative disorderso Group of conditions involving disruptions in a person’s normally integrated functions –consciousness –memory –identity –perception - Dissociative Identity Disorder (multiple personality disorder)o Patient manifests 2 or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in some way in taking control of behavioro Usually starts in childhood- Dissociate fugue vs amnesiao Dissociative amnesia- failure to recall previously stored personal information when that failure cannot be accounted for by ordinary forgettingo Dissociative fugue- person also departs