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CSU PSY 320 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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PSY 320 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide 1. Understand the difficulty of precisely defining “Abnormal” versus “Normal” Behavior, and know several criteria that are commonly used to distinguish between the two.-Abnormal Psychology: The study of mental disorders that includes psychological dysfunctions that the person experiences in terms of distress. A complete definition of abnormal behavior compares the behaviors and experiences in terms of those accepted in the person's culture.The 4 D's -Dysfunction: loss of control/ freedom and ability to consider alternatives.-Distress: Not being able to get out of bed, etc.-Deviance: loss of honest personal contact.-Dangerousness: Loss of connection to one's self and to live in a productive manner2. Be able to define “stigma” and why it matters.Stigma: Negative attitudes and beliefs that cause the general public to avoid others including those with mental illness.-If society believes that mental illness is a choice due to inaccurate information then it leads to lack of funding for institutions, trained professionals, and school-based programs, etc.- Insurance may not include mental illness in coverage.3. Know how common mental illness is in the U.S. Have a sense of how prevalent major disordersare: schizophrenia, anxiety disorders in general, generalized anxiety disorder. Know whether major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia are found in approximately the same rates acrosscultures.Experience Any Mental Illness-20% of people 18-older-29.9% of people 18-25-22.1% of people 26-49-14.3% of people 50+16.8% of males23% of females-2 out of every 10 Americans will be diagnosed with a mental illness per year – Serious mental illness account for 21.4%.4. Know the contributions to science/mental illness/treatment of the following people. (You do not need to know every detail about them, just their major historical/current influence on our understanding of psychology.)a. Hippocrates- All disorders, mental or physical, should be sought within the patient. -From the brain comes all emotionb. Galen- Influenced Western and Islamic thought until renaissance. -Empiricist: stresses use on direct observation to gain information.c. Descartes- Divorce of the mind and the body, derived from the distinction between humans and animals – Humans have a “soul”/mind*Behavior can be categorized into voluntary and involuntary.d. Galileo- Led a movement that replaced authority with experimentation aided by his owninventions (ex. Telescope)e. Gall- Suggests the frontal part of the brain is involved in higher cognitive process.-Wrong in believing brain function would be reflected in the shape of the skull*Correct in understanding that different regions of the brain had different function, leading to localization.f. Darwin- Variation: the assumption that heritable variations can and do occur in nature.-Natural selection: If an individual has a slight variation that help it successfully compete for survival, over time the species will make more members with these traits and less of those without.*Living in social groups produces cognitive ability.g. Dorthea Dix- worked in corrections facility which led to her devoting her life to crusadingthe improved treatment of the mentally ill in institutions.h. Sigmund Freud- Focused on Darwin's sexual selection, the major driving force for humanlife and interaction.-Alleviating stress by bringing to light the unconscious struggles-Exploration of dreams, childhood memories and emotion/beliefs.*The brain conserves and uses energy to perform psychological functions including developing mental illness.i. Pavlov/John Watson/B.F. Skinner-Classical conditioning: Unconditioned stimulus (food) results in and unconditioned response (salivation)--> Pair the unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus (bell) several times. The bell will produce salivation.-Watson emphasized environmental explanations for behavior, used Classical conditioning to understandphobias.-Skinner, operant conditioning: behaviors can be elicited of shaped if they are reinforced (rewarded). Used in mental institutionsj. Carl Rogers- Humanistic movement which created-client centered therapy.3 Key Characteristics:-Empathetic understanding: innermost thoughts and feelings-Unconditional positive regard: acceptance without trying to change the client-Genuineness and congruencek. Aaron Beck- Developed cognitive therapy for depression-Thinking influences emotion and behavior-Exploration of false perception, assumptions and maladaptive responses.5. Have a general understanding of the brain/mental illness by the ancient Greeks, Romans, people during the Renaissance and Middle Ages; 1700-1900, 20th Century.Greeks/ Romans thought all things were broken up into four elements.1. Fire → yellow bile → live2. Air → blood → heart3.Water → phlegm → brain4.Earth → black bile → spleen-If one was out of balance it would be compensated for by the oppositie.(ex. A “wet” virus was Tuberculosis associated with blood, they would send that person to a dry climate to live.)-Perspective disappeared as civilians declined.Middle Ages- The devil was represented frequently with the abundant presence of disease and mental illnesses.(ex. “Witches” often appeared to have symptoms of mental illnesses)Renaissance- Leonardo Da Vinci disected bodies including the brain which was the first realistic basis of different brain functions leading to mental illness.6. Recognize the evolution through history of how mentally people were viewed and cared for through history.With more information and studies about how mental illnesses occure and discovery of treatments, the assimilation ans accommodation into society has increased. -Those that suffer used to be regarded as many things (“demons inside”, self choice, etc.) other then included members of life. 7. Know how major psychological orientations differ in their perspective about why mental illness occurs and how it can be best treated (psychodynamic, existential/humanist, cognitive behaviorist).Psychodynamic: (Sigmund Freud) psychological problems are manifestations of inner mental conflicts and that conscious awareness of those conflict is the key to recovery.Existential/humanist: The experience of the person in the moment and the manner he/she interprets theexperience. It emphasizes processing and understanding both internal and external experiences of human life.Cognitive Behaviorist: Dysfunctional thiking is


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CSU PSY 320 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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