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UNT BIOL 4220 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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BIOL 4220 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 (August 25)Introductory lecture discussing instructor’s contact information, the syllabus, and expectations of the student.Lecture 2 (August 27)Neuropsychopharmacology is a discipline that encompasses the studies of neuroscience, neuropsychology and neuropharmacology to understand how drugs alter behavior and cognitive functions with respect to the neurobiological substrates.Logical thinking can be divided into two approaches: deductive thinking and inductive thinking. Deductive process is a top-down approach where larger pieces are broken down into smaller pieces to deduce how things are isolated. It is an analytical process. In contrast, inductive process is a bottom-up approach where smaller pieces are put together into larger pieces to infer how things are put together. It is an integrative process.Lecture 3 (August 29)Thinking is a process in which a model of the external world is generated internally by the brain to create an abstraction of the external world for it to respond to in order to survive in this world. The brain essentially takes into account of the sensory information collected about the external world in order to generate an abstract internal model such that it can generate motor output to respond to the environment independently. The process is called thinking when the organism is able to process such information and respond to it autonomously and independently. Mental disorder is due to the faulty in this process.Lecture 4 (September 3)Most potent means takes the least amount of dose to be effective. Aspirin is the least effective and does not bind to the same binding site. This means hydromorphine, morphine, and codeineall bind to the same receptor, an opioid receptor. Aspirin is a different class of receptors. Potency of drug - minimal dosage to get the effect. The smaller the dosage needed, the more potent the drug is. If the curve is shifted to the right, then it is less potent. If shifted to the left, itis more potent. Dosages usually run in milligrams. Highly potent drugs are given in microgram = trace amountsFor ex: LSD is so potent, its quantity dosage is in micrograms. A pill -size would kill you. ED50 is the effective dosage that will affect 50% of the population. TD50 is the toxic dosage for 50% of the population. LD50 Is the lethal dosage for 50% of the population. The therapeutic index is thesafety margin of the drug, which equals the TD50 over ED50. A large TI is safe, where a small TI is unsafe.Lecture 5 (September 5)A dose-response curve that shifts to the right is less potent, competitive binding. A curve that shifts to the left is more potent. A curve that shifts down is less effective. A curve that shifts up is more effective. A curve that shifts down and right is an example of non-competitive binding. Affinity is the attractiveness of the drug. Selectivity is the specifity, binds to selective receptor but not other receptor types. Efficacy is the effectiveness percent of response. A receptor is a long amino acid chain 2D to make a 3D form together; very complex molecule.Lecture 6 (September 8)Neurotransmitter Receptor SubtypeAch nAChr, mAChrGABA GABA A, GABA B, GABA CSerotonin (5-HT) 5-HT 1A…to 3BNorephrinephine (NE) alpha receptor, beta receptorGlu (except NT) NMDA receptor, nm-NMDA, n-methyl-D-Dopamine D1…D5It’s not the neurotransmitter but the ions that determine whether it is excitatory/inhibitory.Ena = equilibrium potential for Na+ = +55mVEka = equilibrium potential for K+ = -90mVLecture 7 (September 10)Placebo effect -> Suggestive effectSingle blind study = only subject is blindDouble blind study = both subject and experimenter is blindTriple blind study = subject, experimenter, analyzer is blindClinical Trial: Two randomized groups, half with real drug and the other half with a placebo. The total effect = real effect + placebo effect. Ethics are the standards you hold for yourself (objective). Morals are the standards imposed on other people (subjective). Objective standard = universal. The beneficial effect needs tooutweigh the detrimental effect. The moral dilemma can be thought of as in-group vs. out-group.Lecture 8 (September 12)Drugs can be administered into the body in many ways. Each one has its own distribution and absorption rates. Oral administration is delivering the drug through the gastrointestinal tract. Because it goes through the stomach, the absorption is delayed until it reaches the small intestine. 30 min to 2 hours for drugs to be absorbed, depending on whether the stomach is full or not. Highly acidic, alters the effectiveness of the drug. Ionization of drug can affect the absorption rate. The acidic medium can also disintegrate the drug molecule.Sublingual administration is delivering the drug by dissolving it under the tongue. It is absorbed in the buccal cavity. This bypasses the GI tract. Inhalation is administering the drug through breathing into the lungs. Absorption occurs at the alveolar interface through simple diffusion into the capillaries. Drug molecules are carried by the pulmonary veins into the left ventricles, and into the arteries directly. Compared to intravenous administration, drug molecules are carried by veins into the right ventricles, and then are circulated through the pulmonary system in the alveolae before they are pumped into the arteries.Intravenous administration is administering the drug by injecting into the vein. The absorption rate is fast because it is delivered by the circulatory system. Injection of drug into the system directly can be overdosed easily without means of recall if the injection rate is too high. It is highly susceptible to infection compared to other routes of administration. Intraperitoneal administration is administering the drug into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. The interstitial fluid in the peritoneal cavity can acts as a buffer for the absorption of drug.Intracranial administration is delivering the drug into the brain directly. It also bypasses the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), which often restricts a lot of chemicals from entering the brain from the peripheral system. The absorption rate is also fast.Intramuscular administration is injection of drug into the muscle. The drug is slowly diffused into the capillaries. The rate of absorption is also depending on the vasoconstrictive (or vasodilative) property of the drug. If the drug causes vasoconstriction, such as


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UNT BIOL 4220 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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