aUg/25/14Chapter 1: Fundamental Concepts.  Motor development: a continuous process of changing in functional capacity, capacity to exist –involves change in movement behavior. Changes are- sequential and irreversible Age related but not age dependent. Continuous through tout life change in functional capacity. Cumulative- changes result from interactions both within the individual and between our environment and us.  Motor behavior: includes both motor development and motor learning.  Motor development: refers to the development of movement abilities  Motor Learning: refers to relatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice and experience Motor control: refers to the neural aspects, nervous systems control of muscles, which permit skilled and coordinated movements.  Types of motor skills: Fine motor skills, gross motor skills. Fine motor skills: Many motor neurons attached in order to make precise movements. Gross motor skills: smaller number of motor neurons attached to muscles precision of movements not quite as important  Physical growth: indicates a quantitative increase in size or body mass. Physical maturation: Refers to a qualitative advance in biological makeup; cell, organ. Or system advancement in biochemical composition.. (Development continuous long after physical maturity. ) Aging: The process that occurs with the passage of time leading to loss of adaptability of fill function and eventually to death.  Two signs of aging: Processes of growing older regardless of chronological age.  Newells Ecological perspectives:  Karl Newell suggested that to understand movement, we must consider the relationship between the characteristics of the individual mover, the environment, and the purpose or reasons for moving. The interaction of individual, task, and environment changes the movements and over time patterns of interactions lead to changes in motor development  Newells model: reflects dynamic, constantly changing interaction’s in motor development. Allows us to look at the individual and the many different body systems that constantly undergo age-related changes.  Emphasizes the influence of the following on individual movement’s:  1) Where the individual moves (environment) What the individual does (task)  The structural and functional constraints of the individual  Constraints, 3 factors: Newell calls the three factors of the triangle constraints: Constraints shaoe movemtents. Constraints provide channels from which movement most easily emerges andcan. Individual constraints:- Inside the body (internal)- Structural constraint: related to the body’s structure.- Change slowly with growth and age-height, muscle mass, strength, lever length,- Functional constraints: related to behavioral function - Change over much shorter period of time than structural constraints- attention, motivation, fear, and experience.Environment constraints: Properties of the world around us. Physical- gravity, surfaces of floor, temp, and amount of light  Sociocultural: Gender roles, cultural norms.Tasks constraints: External to the body, Related specifically to the tasks or skills at hand How do we know it is change? Age-related change is fundamental in the study of motor development. Longitudinal:o An individual or group is observed over timeo Measuring change in the individual or group o Study can require lengthy observation.  Cross-sectional: individual. Or groups are observed at different ages Change is inferred, not actually observed Pro: shorter time to collect date. Con: never really observed change; could be other factor causing the change Sequential or mixed longitudinal Universality: individuals in a species show great similarity in development Variability: individual difference