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UA MGMT 202 - Ethical Duties (Part 2)
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MGMT 202 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Key DefinitionsII. Practical GuidelinesA. Golden RuleB. Public DisclosureC. Universal TestIII. Classic Schools of ThoughtA. EgoismB. LibertarianismC. UtilitarianismOutline of Current Lecture I. UniversalismII. Virtue EthicsIII. Feminist EthicsCurrent LectureUniversalism: Immanuel Kant, John RawlsKant – German, never traveled farther than 50 miles from home, Universalism – duty-based approach; obligation to do the right thing; Utilitarian cares about consequences behind an action; universalist cares about motivation behind an actionUniversalists would say that the only actions you should take are ones that meet three principles of moral action:1. Principle of Universality – Golden Rule; do unto others as you would have them due to you; don’t have rules for yourself that you wouldn’t expect all other people to follow as well2. Principle of Ends – humanistic; shouldn’t do anything that could discriminate/exploit anyhuman beings3. Principle of Autonomy Versus Heteronomy – humans should all be free (rational thoughts, exercise self-determination); heteronomy=might be succumbing to internal urges or a victim of external coercion; addicts to drinking/smoking/gambling etc; these people aren’t freeLimitations of Universalism:-some people don’t want to be autonomous; they want to be told what to do-what occurs if two or more duties conflict?E.g., duty of telling the truth versus duty of protecting other human beings, such as hiding Jewish children from Nazis who ask if you’re hiding anyone. Or more lighthearted – being loyal versus telling the truth, i.e. you don’t like your grandma’s cooking but pretend to like it to make her happy.Utilitarianism: telelology or results-based, do that which leads to the best “consequences,” the ends of an action justify the means, greatest good for the greatest numberUniversalism: deontology or duty-based, interest in the “motivation” of a particular behavior, the means justify the ends of an action, ethical behavior simply results from doing one’s dutyVirtue ethics: Aristotle – tutored Alexander the GreatVirtue ethics want to know if a person has character; virtues (had to be habitual and good for human living); honesty is a virtue; Aristotle said the best virtues were in the intermediate, middle space (courage is in between arrogant and cowardly; generosity is between stingy and extravagant)Limitations of Virtue Ethics:-these ideas are uniquely western; not universal; cultures across the world would present different sets of virtues-doesn’t allow for mistakes, exceptions, or changing; requires perfection, not just a “usual” habitbut an “always” habitFeminist Ethics (Carol Gilligan) – wrongly associated with issues such as abortion, sexual harassment, etc; main principles are equality and equal opportunity-Equality: do pregnant women get more sick days at work? -Equal opportunity: does a woman lose opportunities when she returns to work after having a child? Do people treat her differently and have lower expectations?Gilligan thoughts humans were subjective, emotional, and…Limitations of Feminist Ethics:-people think it’s a social theory; don’t realize it’s about equality and equal opportunity rather than abortion etc-critical of male-biased theories when it is a female-biased theory itself;


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UA MGMT 202 - Ethical Duties (Part 2)

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