BSC 160 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 16 Key Characteristics of Microbes1. Microbes play defense Protects from pathogens2. Boosting immune system Microbes challenge immune system to protect against auto-immune disease3. Protect from auto-immune disease4. Keep us SlimMicrobes set metabolic rate5. Detoxify/Fight Stress Microbes can use toxic compounds to detox area; More stress=less diverse microbe population; Makes us respond to stress differently6. Keeps babies healthyVaginally delivered babies are healthier because they receive mom’s microbiome (bacterial inoculation)Chapter 1- History & Relevance of Microbiology- Have the ability to synthetically change microbes to different species- Micro-organisms can exist as a single cellTypes: fungi, algae, protozoa, bacteria, viruses- Nucleic acid genome- can replicate themselvesMicrobiology: Having tools to grow, identify, classify, observe & learn. Mostly by looking at pathogens- People are dying in other countries because of poor nutrition, unsanitary water and conditions. 9% of Africans have HIV (& increasing)- Emergent disease- “changing”; antibiotic resistance (HIV)Lecture 2- Parasitic relationship- 1 benefits, 1 gets hurt- Commensalism- 1 benefits, 1 has no impactCows + gut microbes: Cow eats grass, bacteria has enzymes to break down cellulose to sugar, helps digest- Mutualism- Both benefitBiotechnology & Molecular Biology: Study of infectious diseaseRobert Koch- Father of medical microbio. Anthrax4 Postulates: Show specific microbes are for specific diseases1. Microbe is only in diseased animals2. Isolate microbe from diseased animal & grown in other culture3. Inject into healthy mouseDisease reproduces4. Isolate microbe again, show be same as microbe in #2Limtations: 1.) Some microbes can’t be isolated. 2.)Can’t be tested on humansLouis Pasteur- Proved spontaneous contamination is incorrect- Found wine sours because of bacteria contaminationLactic acid- Boiling can destroy microbes- Germ theory of disease: Microbes  disease- Fermentation: metabolism following glycosis. Yeast converts sugarethanol- Pasteurize: Heat until bacteria is destroyedHistory- Vaccines & antimicrobial compounds- Small pox- highly contagious. Eradicated 1977. Mortality rate: 25% adults, 40% children- Variolation- Inoculate immune system. Give mild small pox, recover, immuneEdward Jenner: Found people that work with cows that get cowpox, are immune to small pox. Tested on a childEhrlich: Searched for Syphilis cureFound SalvarsanFleming: Discovered PenicillinWalter & Wife: Used JellyDeveloped use of agar in cultural media- Attenuation- Taking pathogen, weakening by chemical/heat treatment or pass through susceptible host repeatedlyLecture 3- Antimicrobial compounds- Any compound that can destroy/inhibit growth of microbes (pathogenic microbes) Ex. Syphilis- Autotroph- Creates own food. CO2 Food- Chemlifotroph- Creates food from chemicals - Plasmids- Extra genomic, bacteria uses to confer properties. Piece of DNA- replicates itself in cytoplasmCircular DNA outside genome- Restriction enzyme- Cut DNA @ specific sequencesWant these for mutations, replications, cut up viruses (bacterial defense)Chapter 22: Evolution- Implications for Microbio- Prokaryotes appeared; alone, but diverse. Evolution by natural selection- Eukaryotes- Prokaryotes ate each other, let them live thereReptilesCockroachesMammalsHumans- Prokaryote- Do not have nucleus. Simple organization, metabolically complex. No membrane bound organelles. Have ribosomes to synthesize proteins. Have plasma membranes- Eukaryote- Have nucleus, complex structure, metabolically simple. Membrane bound organellesAllows to control DNA. HemoglobinLecture 4- Phylogeny- Natural relatedness between groups of organismso All new species originate from preexisting specieso Closely related organisms have similar features from ancestorsEvolution usually progresses toward greater complexity. Ancestor(primitive)complex. Closer the common ancestor, more similar qualities- Taxonomy- Organizing, classifying & naming living thingso Formal system by Carl VonLinneo Concerned w/ Classification- Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups Nomenclature- Assigning names Identification- DeterminingClassify Prokaryotes1. Gram stain property (cell wall structure)2. Mole % G+C in genome Quanines & cytosines3. Growth temperature4. Ability to form heat- stable spores5. Electron acceptors for respiration (if any)6. Photosynthetic ability7. Motility8. Cell shape9. Ability to use various carbon & nitrogen sources10. Special nutritional requirementsLecture 5Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea- Archaea more closely related to Eucarya- Endosymbiosis Assigning specific names- Binomial (scientific) nomenclature- Gives each microbe 2 names:-Genus – Capitalized-species- lowercase- Both italicized or underlined- Inspiration for names is extremely varied, often imaginativeFundamental Concepts: Matter & Molecules- Matter- anything with mass, takes up space- Atom- makes up all matter- Non-modified atoms are electrically neutral - Atomic #=#of protons. *Protons define elements!- Ion- charged element- Cation- positively charged ion- Anion- negatively charged ion- Isotopes- changing neutrons. Many are unstable- Electron arrangement- Key to chemical behavior of atom lies number & arrangement of electrons in their orbitals. *Shape is everthing!- Octet rule- Outermost shell with electrons has to be full (have 8) to be stable.Except Hydrogen which has 2- Molecules- Group of atoms held by stable association (chemical bonds)Types of Bonds- Covalent bonds- Strongest. When electrons are sharedNonpolar- equal sharing of electronsPolar- unequal sharing of electrons (H2O)- Redox/Ionic bonds- When electrons are gained or lostLecture 6 *Water is a universal solvent*- Solution=Solvent + solute- Hydrogen bonds are weak, but in numbers are very strongBecause of Hydrogen bonds…- Cohesion- Stickers together (water)- Hydrogen bonds makes water have a high specific heat- High heat of vaporizationbc it takes so much energy to heat, steam cools down waterChemical reactions- Occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules. ReactantsProducts When enzymes are involved: CO2+H2O (enzyme) H2CO3SubstrateProductOxidation/Reduction