1Carbon Sequestration Potential of Southern Idaho Basalts: Assessment of Mineralization ReactionsRobert W. Smith (UI)Travis L. McLing (INL)April 11, 2008Projected Growth in US Energy Consumption2002Oil 40%2002Oil 40%Renewables 7%98 QuadsFossil fuels provide 86% of energy2025Coal23%Nuclear 6%Gas24%+ 40%Renewables 7%98 QuadsFossil fuels provide 86% of energy2025Coal23%Nuclear 6%Gas24%+ 40%136 QuadsBy 2020, reliance on fossil fuels remains stable at 87%Coal23%Nuclear 8%Renewables 6%Oil 39%Gas24%136 QuadsBy 2020, reliance on fossil fuels remains stable at 87%Coal23%Nuclear 8%Renewables 6%Oil 39%Gas24%2One Gigaton Per Year Of GHG Reduction• Coal-Fired Power Plants. Build 1,000 “zero-emission” 500-MW coal-fired power plants to supplant coal-fired power plants without CO2capture and storage. (Current global installed generating capacity is about 2 illi MW )• Efficiency. Deploy 1 billion new cars at 40 miles per gallon (mpg) instead of 20 mpg • Wind Energy. Install 650,000 wind turbines (1.5 MW each, operating at 0 45 capacity factor) to supplant coal-2 million MW.)• Geologic Storage. Install 3,700 carbon storage sites like Norway’s Sliepner project (0.27 MtC/year).• Nuclear. Build 500 new nuclear power plants, each 1 GW in size, to supplant an equal capacity of coal-fired power plants without CO2capture and storage. This would more than double the current number0.45 capacity factor) to supplant coalfired power plants without CO2capture and storage.• Solar Photovoltaics. Install 6 million acres of solar photovoltaics to supplant coal-fired power plants without CO2capture and storage (assuming 10% cell DC efficiency, 1700 kWhr/m2 solar radiance, and 90% DC-AC conversion efficiency).more than double the current number of nuclear plants worldwide.• Electricity from Landfill Gas Projects. Install 7,874 “typical” landfill gas electricity projects (typical size being 3 MW projects at non-regulated landfills) that collect landfill methane emissions and use them as fuel for electric generation.• Biomass Fuels from Plantations. Convert a barren area about 15 times the size of Iowa’s farmland (about 33 million acres) to biomass crop production.• CO2Storage in New Forest. Convert a barren area about 40 times the size of Iowa’s farmland to new forest.Note: SRES (IPCC 2000) scenarios assume that all of these technologies will be used extensively prior to 2100.3What is Carbon Sequestration?Capture and storage of CO2and other Greenhouse Gases that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere• Capture can occur:–at the point of emission– when absorbed from air• Storage locations include:– underground reservoirs– dissolved in deep oceans–converted to solid material– trees, grasses, soils, or algae4Technical Issues• Reduce the costs of CO2capture• Currently there is a lack of large-scale sequestration demonstrations • Perceived uncertainty of long-term retention of tstorage. • High Priority Issues: – Address long-term liability issues. – Facilitate commercialization through incentives– InsurabilityÆ reasonable permitting processes. – Accelerate capture technology RD&D. •Increase in CCS RD&D badly needed•Increase in CCS RD&D badly needed• Standardize costing methodology• Verification• Water resources– Consumption– Quality– DisplacedCarbon leadership ForumKnowledge Deficit• CO2water rock interactionsInjectibility•Injectibility– Injection strategy – Sustainability• What does sustainable mean– Operation cost•Environmental RiskEnvironmental Risk– Leakage– Contamination– Produced\displaced [email protected] Sequestration• The capture and storage of CO2in deep geologic formations– Depleted oil and gas reservoirs– Saline aquifer– Deep coal beds– Mafic rocks• Sequestration Processes– Hydrodynamic trapping Æ Seal and Phase– Solubility trapping– Mineral trapping6Storage Security & [email protected] Trapping• Injection and storage of CO2in the subsurface thPruess & Garcia 2002as a separate phase– CritT: 31 °C – CritP: 73.825 bar – Critρ: 464 kg/m31000 M ~ 100 bars7Solubility Trapping• CO2dissolve in subsurface fluid such li ifDuan & Sun 2003as a saline aquifer• Solubility is a function of temperature and salinityCO2+ H2O Ù H2CO3Mineral Trapping• CO2is converted to solid phase carbonate Xu, Apps & Pruess 2004minerals (e.g., calcite) by accelerated rock weathering reactionsCaAl2Si2O8+ H2CO3+ H2O Æ CaCO3+ Al2Si2O5(OH)4CaMgSi2O6+ Mg2SiO4+ 4H2CO3ÆMg3Ca(CO3)4+ 3SiO2+ 4H2O8Geologic Mineral Trapping =+Calcium -Magnesium Silicate Rock+Carbonic Acid and Water=Calcite or [email protected] Trapping of CO23222COHOHCOaqsc⇔+32442232423324224)(2HCOMeSiOHMeHCOMeSiOMeHCOHCOHaqaq++⇒++⇔−+++−+23232)(42 COMeHCOMe ⇒+−+9Mineral TrappingXu, Apps and Pruess (2004) Fixed CO2pressure of 260 barsGlauconitic sandstone~0.2 g yr-1m-3Gulf Coast sediments~3 g yr-1m-3Dunite~100 g yr-1m-3Rationale for Basalts• Mineral Trapping in basalt–Naturally occurring inNaturally occurring in basalt world wide– Introduced CO2increases weathering rates– Precipitated carbonate minerals isolate CO2“tl”“permanently”(engineering usage)10Rationale for Basalts• Major flood basalt formations exist throughout the world– Important role in global carbon cycle– Implicated in past climate change events– Not widely considered as a geological sequestration optionRationale for Basalts• Large basalt provinces located near power plants in the US–Exist in regions with limited“conventional”capacity–Exist in regions with limited conventional capacity– Prevalent in regions with large future electrical generation growth11Rationale for Basalts• Capacity and Retention–Columbia River Basalt Group covers 164,000 km2,Columbia River Basalt Group covers 164,000 km, >174,000 km3– Chemical makeup favorable for mineralization reactions– If only 3% of basalt is suitable for injection• 100 GtCO2storage capacitySnake River Plain (SRP), Idaho12Snake River Group• Pliocene to Holocene basalt • Inter-bedded sediments• 24,000 km2• > 1,500 m depthInterbedded Sediments & Basalts13Basalts are Thickest in Eastern SRPEstimated Capacity - 0.5 to 2 Gt CO2Depth (mbls)Volume (km3)Capacity GtCO21% Efficiency Capacity GtCO24% Efficiency %cecyFactor%cecyFactor800-900458 0.130 0.521900-1000335 0.125