Writing: Composing a message using textComprehensive Reading Instruction Program Should Include Each of These Every Day:WritingSlide 4Slide 5Skills needed for writingFactors Affecting Development of Writing Skills for Individuals with Moderate or Severe Disabilities:Text Composition: Ingredients for SuccessSuggestions for Developing Writing SkillsSkills needed for HandwritingSlide 11Writing: Composing a message using textSPC ED 587 November 1, 2006Comprehensive Reading Instruction Program Should Include Each of These Every Day:•Listening•Speaking•Reading•WritingWriting•“holistic and authentic process of communicating by construction of meaningful text” (Sturm & Koppenhaver, 2000, p. 75)PlanningComposingRevisingSteps in Process Writing ApproachBasic Steps in the Writing ProcessPlan•Clarify purpose/audience•Generate ideas•Organize infoCompose•Select words•Spelling•Syntax•Grammar Revise•Review & Evaluate•Revise & c•CorrectSkills needed for writing•Language •Attention •Memory•Higher-order thinkingFactors Affecting Development of Writing Skills for Individuals with Moderate or Severe Disabilities:•Lack of opportunities to develop writing skills due to low expectations •Provision of age inappropriate literacy instruction or instruction limited only to recognizing sight words•Underlying language problems, such as limited vocabulary or incomplete understanding of grammar•Limitations in working memory that affect planning, organizing, and composing text•Difficulty with fine motor skills that make handwriting laborious and time consuming or, for some individuals with physical disabilities, impossible•Limited knowledge of phonics that affects the ability to spell words that the writer wishes to use in a composition•Lack of technology and supports that would provide access to the writing process(Singer & Bashir, 2004; Sturm & Koppenhaver, 2000)Text Composition: Ingredients for SuccessStep 1: Have ExpectationsStep 2: Provide OpportunityStep 3: Plan and Implement Effective instruction and access and supportStep 4: Provide More opportunitiesExplicit instruction paired with a process writing approachSuggestions for Developing Writing Skills•Journaling*–e.g., Fill-in-the-blank; field trip•Morning Message•QuickDraw or QuickWrite•Creating books•Shared Writing & Language Experience Stories•Alphabet books•Email or “Snail Mail” Pen Pals**•Writing Conversations•Creating PoetrySkills needed for Handwriting•Fine motor skills •Visual acuity •Spatial ordering and sequential ordering •Visual memory•Kinesthetic memoryWeek 1211/8Classroom organization and management of reading instructionFossett et al. (2003)Erickson & Koppenhaver (1995)Week 1311/15Use of technology for literacy instruction for students with intellectual and/or severe disabilitiesMEET IN COLLEGE OF EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER LAB 100Foley & Staples (in press)Erickson et al. (1997)Poetry AssignmentComplete PwrPoint Book in-classWeek 1411/22Reading Day: Work on Final Summary of Progress