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CHAPTER 2THE IMPACT OF SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN ON SOYBEAN FOLIAGE ARTHROPODS AND CROP YIELD11 Seagraves, M. P. and R. M. McPherson. To be submitted to Journal of Economic Entomology.AbstractMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgmentsReferences CitedMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementsMaterials and MethodsResults and DiscussionAcknowledgementsTHE IMPACT OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), ON SOYBEAN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES IN GEORGIA by MICHAEL PAUL SEAGRAVES (Under the direction of Dr. Robert M. McPherson) ABSTRACT A two year study was undertaken to examine the impact of Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) suppression on soybean pests, beneficial predators, and crop yield. Three treatments were examined an untreated control, Amdro (hydramethylnon) bait, and chlorpyriphos in combination with Amdro. The treatments were successful in suppressing fire ant foraging and abundance in the treated plots. This led to decreased predation on lepidopteran eggs and pupae. An increase was seen in the threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say) and lady beetles in the treated plots. In 2000, pitfall monitoring revealed ground-dwelling spiders were more abundant in the untreated control. Earwigs were more abundant in both years in the chlorpriphos + Amdro treatment and at times the Amdro alone treatment. The residual toxicity of acephate, chlorpyriphos, methomyl, and l-cyhalothrin on fire ant workers was investigated and dose-mortality curves were developed for each chemical. INDEX WORDS: Red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, Glycine max, biological control, pesticide selectivityTHE IMPACT OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), ON SOYBEAN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES IN GEORGIA by MICHAEL PAUL SEAGRAVES B.S., Centre College, 2000 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2002 2002 Michael Paul Seagraves All Rights ReservedTHE IMPACT OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT, SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE), ON SOYBEAN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES IN GEORGIA by MICHAEL PAUL SEAGRAVES Approved: Major Professor: Robert M. McPherson Committee: S. Kristine Braman John R. Ruberson Electronic Version Approved: Gordhan L. Patel Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2002ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express sincere gratitude to Dr. Bob McPherson who has provided me with guidance and support throughout this study along with the appropriate amount of freedom. I also thank Dr. John Ruberson, the late Dr. Gary Herzog, Dr. Kris Braman, and Stan Diffie for guidance and critical insights into my work. I am grateful to Dr. Glen Ware for assistance with statistical analyses. I also thank Del Taylor, Neal Roberson, Brad Ogle, Whit Massey, Curt Pitts, and Becky Bennett for their technical support. Additionally, I would like to thank my fellow students Gretchen Pettis, Houston Joost, Jeff Tomberlin, Kim Lohmeyer, and David Jenkins for their support, guidance, and friendship during my time in Georgia. Elizabeth Reese provided indispensable help in formatting this document. ivTABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................... iv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................1 2 THE IMPACT OF SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN ON SOYBEAN FOLIAGE ARTHROPODS AND CROP YIELD.................................................................20 3 THE IMPACT OF SOLENOPSIS INVICTA BUREN ON GROUND PREDATORS IN GEORGIA SOYBEANS........................................................69 4 A GLASS VIAL BIOASSAY TO DETERMINE THE RESIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT TO SELECT AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDES...................................................................91 5 RESEARCH SUMMARY .................................................................................107 vCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 12Soybeans were planted on 180,000 acres in Georgia in 2000 with a value of 17 million dollars (United Soybean Board 2001). In Georgia and other southeastern states, soybeans are attacked by numerous pest arthropods throughout the entire growing season. Stink bugs and foliage feeding lepidopterans such as the velvetbean caterpillar, soybean looper, and corn earworm are serious pests that cause annual economic losses in soybean. Lesser cornstalk borer, bean leaf beetle, and threecornered alfalfa hopper are also serious pests in some years. Occasional pests include green cloverworm, whiteflies, armyworms, grasshoppers, spider mites, wireworms, and grubs but rarely cause economic damage on their own (Funderburk et al. 1999). In 1996 losses due to insects (damage and control) in Georgia soybean totaled $5,084,000 (McPherson et al. 1997). American agriculture over the last half century has relied heavily on chemical pesticides as pest management tools. Concerns over public health, environmental risk, economic constraints, and development of insecticide resistance have led to a push for the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM). IPM is an ecologically, economically, and socially guided decision support system for growers that seeks to prevent economic loss of crops from pest damage while reducing the dependence on chemical use. Increased regulatory limitations on broad-spectrum pesticides plus the emergence of resistance to some chemical classes by key pests has made IPM a necessity to growers. Biological control, particularly the conservation of natural enemies, is a key strategy for maintaining pest populations below damaging levels. The impact of natural enemies on target pests needs to be evaluated and characterized to place biological control on a more predictive footing. The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is rarely thought of as a beneficial organism, but this predaceous arthropod has many3characteristics that make it potentially useful as a natural enemy of soybean pests. It is highly abundant, consumes mainly other arthropods, is capable


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