Leadership TheoriesLeadership TheoriesGreat Man TheoriesSlide 4Trait TheoriesSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8Behaviorist TheoriesSlide 10Behaviorist Theories - McGregorBehaviorist Theories – Blake and MoutonSituational TheoriesSlide 14Situational Theories - BlanchardContingency TheorySlide 17Contingency Theory - FieldlerSlide 19Transactional TheorySlide 21Transactional Theory – Servant LeadershipTransactional Theory – Katzenbach and Smith, 'The Wisdom of Teams'Slide 24Transformational TheorySlide 26Transformational Theory - Stephen Covey ‘Principle-Centred Leadership’Transformational Theory - Stephen Covey ‘Principle-Centered Leadership’Leadership TheoriesMANA 5350Dr. Jeanne [email protected] TheoriesGreat Man TheoriesGreat Man TheoriesBased on the belief that leaders are exceptional people, born with innate qualities, destined to lead. The use of the term ‘man’ was intentional, leadership was thought of as a concept which is primarily male. This led to the next school of Trait Theories.Trait TheoriesTrait TheoriesDeveloped lists of traits or qualities associated with leadership. They draw on virtually all the adjectives in the dictionary which describe some positive or virtuous human attribute, from ambition to zest for life.Trait TheoriesNumerous studies conductedNo consistent traits identified. Some traits were found across a considerable number of studies, but results were generally inconclusive.Some leaders might have possessed certain traits but the absence of them did not necessarily mean that the person was not a leader.Trait TheoriesSome traits did appear more frequently than others, including: technical skill, friendliness, task motivation, application to task, group task supportiveness, social skill, emotional control, administrative skill, general charisma*, and intelligence. * Most widely studiedBehaviorist TheoriesMcGregorBlake and MoutonBehaviorist TheoriesConcentrate more on what leaders actually do rather than on their qualities. Different patterns of behavior are observed and categorized as ‘styles of leadership’.Behaviorist Theories - McGregorTheory X managers: The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if possible. Because of this human characteristic, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort to achieve organizational objectives. The average human being prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and wants security above all else. Theory Y managers:Work is as natural as play or rest, and the average human being, under proper conditions, learns not only to accept but to seek responsibility. People will exercise self-direction and self-control to achieve objectives to which they are committed. The capacity to exercise a relatively high level of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in the solution of organizational problems is widely distributed in the population,Behaviorist Theories – Blake and MoutonSituational TheoriesSituational TheoriesSees leadership as specific to the situation in which it is being exercised. For example, while some situations may require an autocratic style, others may need a more participative approach. It also proposes that there may be differences in required leadership styles at different levers in the same organization.Situational Theories - BlanchardThe key situational variable, when determining the appropriate leadership style, is the readiness or developmental level of the subordinate(s). As a result, four leadership styles result: Directing: The leader provides clear instructions and specific direction. This style is best matched with a low follower readiness level. Coaching: The leader encourages two-way communication and helps build confidence and motivation on the part of the employee, although the leader still has responsibility and controls decision making. Selling style is best matched with a moderate follower readiness level. Supporting: With this style, the leader and followers share decision making and no longer need or expect the relationship to be directive. Participating style is best matched with a moderate follower readiness level. Delegating: This style is appropriate for leaders whose followers are ready to accomplish a particular task and are both competent and motivated to take full responsibility. Delegating style is best matched with a high follower readiness level.Contingency TheoryRefinement of the situational viewpoint and focuses on identifying the situational variables which best predict the most appropriate or effective leadership style to fit the particular circumstances.Contingency TheoryContingency Theory - FieldlerPostulates that there is no single best way for managers to lead. Situations will create different leadership style requirements for a manager. The solution to a managerial situation is contingent on the factors that impinge on the situation. For example, in a highly routine (mechanistic) environment where repetitive tasks are the norm, a relatively directive leadership style may result in the best performance, however, in a dynamic environment a more flexible, participative style may be required.Contingency Theory - FieldlerFiedler looked at three situations that could define the condition of a managerial task: 1. Leader member relations: How well do the manager and the employees get along? 2. Task structure: Is the job highly structured, fairly unstructured, or somewhere in between? 3. Position power: How much authority does the manager possess?Transactional TheoryTransactional TheoryEmphasizes the importance of the relationship between leader and followers, focusing on the mutual benefits derived from a form of ‘contract’ through which the leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition in return for the commitment or loyalty of the followers.Transactional Theory – Servant LeadershipThe notion of “Servant Leadership” emphasizes the leaders’ duty to serve his/her followers - leadership thus arises out of a desire to serve rather than a desire to lead “Servant-Leadership is a practical philosophy which supports people who choose to serve first, and then lead as a way of expanding service to individuals and institutions. Servant-leaders may or may not hold formal leadership