CHEM 480 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. BoltzmannII. ΔS for chemical reactionsIII. Gibbs energyOutline of Current Lecture I. MitochondriaII. Force and EnergyIII. ProblemsCurrent LectureI. Mitochondriaa. Double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cellsb. Area inside both membranes = matrixc. Folds of inner membrane = cristaed. Some DNA molecules and ribosomes which make few proteinse.II. Force and energya. Rotary Motor: ATP synthasei. Torque is related to force required to rotate an object about a given axisThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii.b. Energy can either be used to produce heat or stored as fati. Brown adipose cells1. Type of fat cell found in mammals2. Abundant in infants and hibernating animals3. Contain large number of iron-containing mitochondria4. Function is to use energy to produce heat5. UCP1 = uncoupling protein 1 is prominent (also known as thermogenin)ii. White adipose cells1. Another type of fat cell found in mammals2. Contain single large fat droplet3. Function is to store energy in the form of fatiii. If irisin causes only an increase in the # of brown fat cells without a decrease In the # of white fat cells, what would be the result in terms of 1) the manner in which energy is used and 2) the overall body health?iv. Even if the product actually contained irisin, would you expect it to cause weight loss?III. Problemsa. Heat Capacityi.ii.airmol24,000K))(306.4molKatmL(0.08206L) 00atm)(600,0(1.0RTPVnL000,600)cm10L()mcm100(m600m)m)(5m)(12(10volroomkJ3000hr)people)(1)(50personkg60)(hrkgkJ(1qheat3333iii.FFo7.99)(37.6)]59([32.0 T finalC37.6C4.3)(33.3 TfinalC4.3K4.3)molKJmol)(29(24,000kJJ10kJ3000nCqΔToooo3iv. How many molecules of air entered/escaped the room?b. Heat Capacity #2i. Question: The first moonwalk lasted about 2-1/2 hours, with the astronaut in a thermally insulated space suit. If all of the heat generated was retained by the body, what was the final body temperature, assumingthat it began at 98.6oF?1. Assume that walking generates about 4.0 kJ/kg-hr.2. Note the difference between 1.0 and 4.0 kJ/kg-hr (see above).3. Assume the heat capacity is ≈ equal to that of water, 4.18 kJ/(kg-K).4. Assume the body weight was 75 kg.5. ΔT (in oC) = ΔT (in K)6. ΔT (in oF) = (9/5) [ΔT (in oC)] ii.F102.9F4.3)(98.6T(final)F3.4F)4.2(59C2.4ΔT4.2)K-kgkJ 4.18kg)((75hr)kg)(2.5)(75hrkgkJ4.0(mCqΔTooooo Kc. Force and Pressurei. Question #1: Estimate the pressure (in atm) in the ocean at a depth of 2000 - 5000 m.1. The density of sea water is ρ ≈ 1.025 kg/liter.2. For now, ignore pressure effects on the density.3. The total force exerted on a given area A at a certain depth d will be related to the mass of water exerting the force plus 1 atm pressure from the air4. The pressure is force/area5. g = 9.8 m/sec2 6. 1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1.01325 x 105 kg/m-sec2ii.atm200P)sec-mkg1.01325x10atm)(secmkg10x(2.0 atm1P)mcm100)(cm10L)(secLmkg(20,000 atm1Patm 1 )secmm)(9.8)(2000kg(1.025Patm 1 ρdgAFPA)atm1(ρAdgA)atm1(mgFρAdρVmwatermassAdVwatervolumeext2527ext33322ext2extextextextLiii.atm490P)sec-mkg1.01325x10atm)(secmkg10x(5.0 atm1P)mcm100)(cm10L)(secLmkg(50,000 atm1Patm 1 )secmm)(9.8)(5000kg(1.025Patm 1 ρdgAFPA)atm1(ρAdgA)atm1(mgFρAdρVmwatermassAdVwatervolumeext2527ext33322ext2extextextextLd. Force and Pressure #2i. Question: Except near sources of heat, such as vents of hot gases coming from the Earth’s mantle, the temperature is close to 4oC. Consider a balloon filled with air at 1 atm and occupying a volume of 10 liters at 293 K. Assuming ideal gas behavior, what would be its volume at a depths of 2000 m and 5000 at 277 K?ii.L0.019L))(104901)(293277(VL0.047L))(102001)(293277(V)PP)(TT(VPnRTPnRTVV&2221122112212222111PnRTVPnRTVe. Force and Pressure #3i. Question: The compressibility κ of liquid water is ≈ 5 x 10-5 atm-1 where κ describes the change in volume with a change in pressure, as shown below. Estimate the volume of 10.0 L water taken from the surface to depths of 2000 and 5000 m1.L9.8L)1)](10.0(4905x10[1VL9.9L)1)](10.0(2005x10[1V)]VPκ(P[1VVV)VPκ(P)P(P)V(VV1κ525211221211212121f. Force and Pressure #4i. Question #4: The precise definition of the isothermal compressibility is given below. Calculate the value of κ for an ideal gas at 1, 200 and 490