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CSU AGRI 116 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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Since plants cannot more around, they have to come up with ways to get things done. List the two types of pollination and three types of seed dispersal.Pollination: Wind dispersal of pollen and animal dispersal of pollenDispersal: Seed dispersal (use the wind) and animal dispersalLecture 3 (September 3)Lecture 4 (September 8)Describe and explain the eight theories of agriculture in detail for the short answer questions on the exam.Lecture 5 (September 10)Development of agriculture + sedentary lifestyle = Increased population density, expansion of agriculturalist societies, technological advancementPotato “eyes” - modified leave structures on the tuber (a modified stem)They are the growth point for new plants.What is the center of origin for potatoes? The Mountains of Peru/BoliviaWhy were Europeans originally hesitant to eat potatoes?The potato is a member of the nightshade family, a poisonous plant family. They did not consume potatoes for religious reasons; they are not in the bible. Because potatoes are lumpy, it was believed that they might cause leprosy. Finally, Europeans were too civilized, high, and mighty to eat food from an uncivilized people.What are some advantages of potatoes to the European economy?It was more productive than other crops. It is highly nutritious. It was easy and cheap to produce. It was resistant to destruction during conflicts.Potato Culture in Ireland- Replaced grains as staple crop by mid 1700sAGRI 116 1nd Edition Exam #1 Study Guide Lectures 2-7Lecture 2 (August 27)In what order have plants evolved? List these plants and around the time they showed up. It would be good to know a little about the plants as well.Algae and Moss(500+ Mil Years Ago), Ferns (420ish Million Years Ago), Cycads and Conifers (380ish mil years ago), Angiosperms aka flowering plants (140-250ish mil years ago)Which plant does not have a vascular system? Algae and MossWhat is photosynthesis and what is its purpose? What do plants achieve through photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a process that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen atoms. It breaks down energy into plant food that fuels the plant’s metabolism. Plants fix CO2 and produce O2 throughthe process of photosynthesis.What are the two types of metabolites in plants?Primary metabolites are directly involved in growth, development, or reproduction. They are directly necessary for the plant’s survival. Secondary metabolites do not have an apparent function involved in plant growth or reproduction. They are not directly necessary for the plantssurvival but contain defense molecules as a kind of pest control. In some cases, they are psychoactive or therapeutic drugs.Since plants cannot more around, they have to come up with ways to get things done. List the two types of pollination and three types of seed dispersal. Pollination: Wind dispersal of pollen and animal dispersal of pollen Dispersal: Seed dispersal (use the wind) and animal dispersal Lecture 3 (September 3)What are some early-preconceived views of Hunter-Gatherer Societies? What were they actuallylike?Life was tough; always searching for the next meal. People in these tribes were lazy and ignorant. These groups of people were actually very well fed. Food was generally abundant, and hunting-gathering take less time and spend less energy gathering food than early These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.agriculturalists. They possess(ed) detailed knowledge of plants, environmental management, plant chemistry. The reason these groups did not develop agriculture was not because they lacked intelligence or skill, but rather that they saw no need to. Additionally, they had sophisticated social structures and rituals and crazy low amounts of disease and sickness in comparison to agricultural cultures.Lecture 4 (September 8)Describe and explain the eight theories of agriculture in detail for the short answer questions on the exam. Theory 1: Agriculture is a discovery (Darwin, 1896; Sauer, 1952)o Some “wise old savage” discovered useful plants on dump heap or in nature, and discovered that you could plant, cultivate and harvest ito Assumes that agriculture is superior and that it only took insight to develop.Theory 2: Agriculture from crowding (Childe, 1952)o His “propinquity” theory claims that through proximity to each other , and food stress, humans domesticated plants (and animals)o Theory emphasizes “demographic stress”o Assumes that agriculture is superior/ more efficient than gathering (at least iscrowded areas).Theory 3: Evolution (Coevolution) (David Rindos)o Hunter-gatherers gradually changed plants through selecting and tending the most desirable ones.o Agriculture is not a discovery, but a gradual change from H-G to sedentism to agricultureTheory 4: Agriculture as an extension of gathering (Binford- Flannery, 1968)o Agriculture developed at the edges of permanent settlements (fishing villages)o Assumes agriculture becomes profitable when gathering ability/reward is diminished for certain populations within a system.Theory 5: Need for alcohol (McGovern, 2010, 2013, and others)o Motivation for population sedentism and domestication of crops was to make an alcoholic beverage of some kindo Assumes that agriculture arose from H-Gs quest for the fermented beverage.Theory 6: Domestication for religious reasons (Hahn, 1896)o Cattle, or chickens, or plants were domesticated for religious purpose (ritual sacrifice, etc.)o Assumes that agriculture is more efficient than gathering Theory 7: “No one theory” theory (Harlan, 1972)o Agriculture developed for different reasons and by different mechanisms in different parts of the globe.o Problem: This does not really answer anything!!Theory 8: Chance, along with food stress (Diamond, 1999)o At the end of the last ice age (ca. 13,000 y.a.), improvements in hunting techniques resulted in a decline in large gameo Assumes that agriculture was more rewarding in comparison to H-G.o Chance plays a huge role in who “wins” and who “loses”o Also assumes that agriculture may have been started many times, but it was only in a few areas where the conditions were right for it to become dominant and then to spread.Define carrying capacity and describe how it relates to the shift from


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