ENVIR ST 260 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. DesignLabII. Practice ProblemsOutline of Current Lecture I. Student QuestionsII. Exam InformationCurrent Lecture Clicker Question: There are 111 students registered for this class. How many have viewed the “Additional PopG Problems” PDF? 17 (which the professor finds worrisome because the exam is on Tuesday)Student Questions Question about the non-evolving population and population size Null Model: No natural selection No mutation No gene flow Random Mating Large Population size Small Populations 50-100 individuals Susceptible to random events and there is less genetic variation- If you have a really harsh winter, more individuals are likely to die. Starting with asmall population and making it smaller, there will be less diversity in genetics because there won’t be as many members to contribute different genes to pass on In PopG, you can see more visible change with small population sizes  Large Population 1,000-10,000 individuals They’ll suffer from disasters, but there’s still a good number of individuals left, so you’ll have more genetic variabilityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Large populations do evolve, but they’re less likely to change genetically based on random events.  Question: What is Initial Allele Frequency on PopG? If the line on the graph is at .5, then 50% of the alleles in the population are dominant. The y axis always tells us the frequency of the dominant allele. It just gives a single value. You’re essentially looking at p and q in the population. If p=.3 and q=.7, the generation 0would be starting at 0.3. Initial frequency is equivalent to frequency of the dominant allele (p) at generation 0 Question about genetic drift Gene flow versus Genetic drift. Genetic Drift- Ties into idea of small population. When you get these really rapid random changes, there’s genetic drift.- It’s random and is in small populations- Even if fixation does not occur, there is genetic drift when the population greatly differs from the theoretical line (on PopG)  Gene Flow When individuals move back and forth; immigration and emigration Question about mutation versus natural selection Mutations are generally just random recombination of alleles. DNA does a pretty good job of matching itself up but sometimes mistakes are made. Mutations occur from mismatches in genes. So, mutations are random events; they don’t happen to adapt to environmental conditions.  When we see changes in populations that better suit individuals to their environment, that’s where we have natural selection occurring. Bacteria mutate faster and a genetic change that occurs in that population may be bettersuited for the environment and then natural selection acts on it.  Mutation is something that natural selection can act upon so it can be a good thing. Question: Null Model and Mutation If there’s a population that has all 5 conditions of the null model and a mutation occurs that gives individuals an advantage, you now have a population with potential to be evolving.About the Exam What to Bring Something to write with Calculator Photo ID Exam Day Rules ALL bags/books/etc. staged at front of lecture hall. All we should have is something to write with, calculator and photo idea No phones: phone does not equal calculator Sit every other seat Exit out door at front Format Short Answer/Fill in blank questions Word problems that incorporate popG and the Hardy-Weinberg equation Essay questions; know all the content Not too much writing; limited on space. Two to three paragraphs. Clear concise arguments and