They have vascular systems (which allow them to evolve into larger size)Reproduce and survive without being immersed in waterReproduce through spores, not seeds. (Seedless, vascular plants)380(ish) Million Years Ago . . .Cycads and conifersGymnosperm- naked seeded (i.e. pine cones)Immense conifer forests pull carbon out of the air and bring it down to bind it as organic compounds. (Clean air)140-250(ish) Million Years Ago . . .AngiospermsSeeds that are enclosed in a fruiting body (i.e. apple tree)Commonly know as fruiting or flowering plantsBroken down into monopods and dipoidsMonocots (arrowhead, lily, orchid)- one nutrient storage area (cotyledon)Dicots (buttercup, rose, aster)- two storage areas (cotyledons)When the angiosperms came onto the scene, it allowed plants to diversify the planetPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis is breaking down energy into plant food (engine for plant metabolism)This process splits water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and Hydrogen (H+).MetabolismPrimary Metabolites:Directly involved in growth, development, or reproductionPrimary metabolites- are things directly necessary for plant’s survival(Photosynthesis) produces the substrates for respirationCellulose/ lignin - fiber in stems, leaves and rootsChlorophyll- light harvesting compound in leavesSecondary Metabolites:Don’t have an apparent function involved in plant growth or reproductionThey have defensive moleculesThis is where we are finding anticancer drugs or natural insecticides for pest control to prevent further harm for the environment.Most of the active compounds that cause euphoria are secondary metabolitesThese could be rewards for animals to spread seedsOr an antifeedent to deter consumptionIclicker Q: Through the process of photosynthesis, plants: Fix CO2 and produces O2Plants form the base of (nearly) all food chainsAs humans we either eat the plants or eat what’s eating the plantsPlant Interactions With AnimalsPlants do not move to forage for food. The soil, air and sun provide all nutrients needed.They have to come up with ways to get animals to help them get things doneAll organisms need to move in order to survive climatic change. The inability to move makes it difficult to find a sexual partner (pollination), disperse offspring (seed dispersal), and deal with predators (defense).Some plants have both the female and male reproductive pieces (anthers and stigma)(important)Anthers (part of the stamen) produce pollenStamen contains male partsStigma (part of the pistil) accepts pollen and fertilizes the ovulePistil contains female partsFertilized ovule = seedPollinationWind dispersal of pollenNeeds lots of pollen, which is expensive to the plant/tree, requires a lot of energy to produce the large amt. of pollenEfficiency rapidly falls off with distanceAnimal dispersal of pollenHoneybees, bats (bell shapes have evolved to accommodate echolocation)DispersalSeed dispersalUse the wind i.e. dandelionAnimal dispersalSweet fruit attracts animal, seed is defecated by animalSeeds with barbs attached to animals (or get stuck on clothing/boots etc.)DefenseDeal with predators (secondary metabolites)Why is it good for a plant to produce a neurotoxin?Stops animal from coming to feed on the plantPlants do not have a nervous system, thus they can’t poison themselves. It doesn’t hurt the plantsAGRI 116 1nd Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Current Lecture I. Plant Biology/Evolution/Diversitya. Photosynthesisb. MetabolismIII. Plant interactions with Animalsa. Pollinationb. Dispersalc. DefenseCurrent LectureEvolution of Plants500+ Million Years Ago . . . Algae- Algae showed up first b/c there wasn’t a lot of oxygen in the atmosphere- Algae are photosynthetic- Tissues are not organized into organs- No leaves or rootsSeaweed obtains nutrients from sun or osmatryphy, pulled in through osmosis.Moss- Showed up around the same time as algae- Bryophytes- non-vascular plants- By not having vascular systems, particularly lignin, they can’t grow up/get tall/grow diferse structures- Lignin is a key feature of higher, more advanced plants- No flowers, fruit, combs or seeds- Need high moisture for reproduction- Don’t really have a root systemThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.420(ish) Million Years Ago . . . Ferns- First true land plants- Started showing lignin and ability to grow leaf structures (helpful with photosynthesis)- They have vascular systems (which allow them to evolve into larger size)- Reproduce and survive without being immersed in water- Reproduce through spores, not seeds. (Seedless, vascular plants) 380(ish) Million Years Ago . . . Cycads and conifers- Gymnosperm- naked seeded (i.e. pine cones) - Immense conifer forests pull carbon out of the air and bring it down to bind it as organic compounds. (Clean air)140-250(ish) Million Years Ago . . .Angiosperms - Seeds that are enclosed in a fruiting body (i.e. apple tree)- Commonly know as fruiting or flowering plants- Broken down into monopods and dipoidso Monocots (arrowhead, lily, orchid)- one nutrient storage area (cotyledon)o Dicots (buttercup, rose, aster)- two storage areas (cotyledons)- When the angiosperms came onto the scene, it allowed plants to diversify the planet Photosynthesis - Photosynthesis is breaking down energy into plant food (engine for plant metabolism)- This process splits water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and Hydrogen (H+). Metabolism- Primary Metabolites:o Directly involved in growth, development, or reproduction Primary metabolites- are things directly necessary for plant’s survival  (Photosynthesis) produces the substrates for respirationo Cellulose/ lignin - fiber in stems, leaves and rootso Chlorophyll- light harvesting compound in leaves- Secondary Metabolites:o Don’t have an apparent function involved in plant growth or reproductiono They have defensive molecules This is where we are finding anticancer drugs or natural insecticides for pest control to prevent further harm for the environment.o Most of the active compounds that cause euphoria are secondary metabolites These could be rewards for animals to spread seeds Or an antifeedent to deter consumptionIclicker Q: Through the process of photosynthesis, plants: Fix CO2 and produces O2 Plants form the base of (nearly) all food chains As humans we