Carrols notesLecture 10 – Emergance of Middle East StatesThe state is a fundamental concept for political scientists – different from governments that do not last very long and rulers that have shorter time span that governmentBased on 2 characteristicsExternal PoliticsEnjoys internationally recognized borders – Austin is not a state, Canada is NOT a stateInternal PoliticsThe state INTERNALLY needs to be the highest authority when it comes to coercion or official violence and when it comes to setting rules – so the state is sovereign – there is no other power inside the state that claims more authorityIf there is a country, ex Afghanistan, where you have a ruler and a capital, but you have other groups, say militias, that are using violence, using their own form of justice, basically running their own governments… then it is lacking sovereignty and it is referred to as a “failed state”WARWhere the state comes from? The answer is WARIn waging war- states must be involved in activities.. Such as conscript soldiers, must extract revenue,In western European history this lead to very powerful states such as Germany, France, and Great Britain2nd aspect of war-the recognition of international boundaries – when they win wars they accept, and when they lose they also have to get boundaries-so for a great extent they have been determined by the outcomes of wars1 of the reasons that the borders seem arbitrary to the people within them is because-is that because the borders of states do not conform to the**relates to NationalismNationalismNationalism is some sense of belonging in the community based on a shared identity … that identity can come from religion, language, territory, ethnicity, or from a sense of shared history (common experience)Middle East we see 1914 (beginning of WWI) is people who previously belonging to an Empire (either the Ottoman Empire or ___) as starting to think of themselves as some other community, or some other nationDiscrepancy between what people perceived themselves to belong to a certain territory as compared to other territoriesJews in different countries (Poland, France,) start living under persecution – because of their religious identity of Jews (LONG before WWII and the Holocaust)So you start having Jews across Europe (shared views in anti-seminism) looking for a place to liveEmigration from Europe begins among Jews and then IMMIGRATION to different areas and really the area of the Ottoman Empire increases and picks up after WWISo Nationalism coming out of EuropeIdeas come together in WWIWWI9.4 Million Soldiers killed = 2X 9/11 / DAY x 4.5 yearsTrench warfareBegins in 1914Course of the war changes in 1917 when the Russians leave the War during Russian Revolution and when the U.S. enters the war in 1917WWI big outcome is it destroys 4 empires (Russian Empire, German and Austria Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire)State OutcomesOutcomes for the independent statesBy 1950’s in Turkey, Egypt, Israel, Jordan you have cohesive states, internally there is political stability and conformity between the borders of the state and the nation that it containsCohesive States In contrast to the Divided States-where you have religious minorities ruling, and also especially in Iraq and Syria you have groups that don’t feel as if they are in the same group as ruling groupEx: Kurds in Northern IraqSo you have ethnic divide and geographic divideThese states are prone to fightingStateless people = nations without statesThese groups have a sense of nationalism and a sense of nationhood but when __ stabilizing they are without statesTurks drive out 1Mil Armenian’s and they die as a result of this (Armenian Genocide)Emergence of Nationalism and some were successful as beingKamal – most famous leader*main point of Video was Kamal and how OE sided with Germany during the war (interesting because they sided with the losing side)Kamal- only undefeated Turkish leader going into the War – and his forces regained what is today Turkey1920-23 how Turkey ended up…If it had not been for the war, you could have ended up with a much smaller territory than they didTurkey gets some of its territory backAlso Traty of Sevres (outside of Anatolia) how it handles the rest of the middle east-the way the post WW conference is structured by Mark Sykes and Francois Picot and known and the Sykes Picot of 1917History of EygptHistories … Rashomon … In last four classes I’ve lectured and presented what I think are informative and meaningful accounts of the periods we’ve covered. Today I’m going to do something different… I’m going to present a history that I think it serious flawed… In small groups you will then critique this version of history and draw up your own account of the period between the occupation of Egypt in 1882 and the formal end of the British protectorate in 1922… The main goals of this work are 1) introduce you to the kinds of claims that often circulate in popular discussions of the Middle East2) Prompt you to take hold of the readings that were assigned for this week and demonstrate a basic command over them.3) Help you prepare for the first exam we will have in a few weeks. -- The exercise in class today will be one of the questions you will have the option of responding to on the exam._________________Egypt had been an Ottoman provienceAnd in the ___ a Turk was ruling Egypt and the country had cohesionSo Egypt had history going back a millennia and that history was still very present today while they are overwhelming Muslim, they are Egyptian as well and the Egpytian idenitiy is very much there-if you ask someone today what they think of themselves as… they would say 1. ImIn 1882 the British come in and take over from the Ottoman Empire at the time and keep the ruler on the throne but mostly the British are in chargeUnlike Iraq and Jordan and Palestine… Egypt is already part of the BE before WWIAfter WWI in 1922… Egypt gets official independence from Britain***WHY did it get official independence? And why didn’t they remain mandates indefinitely? –-at the end of WWI for reasons having to do with how the victorious powers wanted to approach European politics, ideas of self-determination came into vote – Woodrow Wilson- league of Nations was created- people determining their own destiny1952 Egyptians really take control of their countryCreation of Jordan and IraqThe Hashemintes ruled Iraq and Jordan because of the