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UT Arlington BIOL 3315 - geneticlecture1

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Free genetics tutoring provided by the biology department sunday room 100ls 8am-10am genetics open 10am-2pm genetics tutoring1-27-2014syed abbas sunday 8-10 Daren cardmon 8.30-10 ERB444WEd 8.30-10 ERB444Drew tue wen 4-6Chapter 2 notes❖ Gene Dystrophin➢ can occur naturally in other species dogs, cats, mice➢ they are good experimental models to test the gene and find out how to prevent it➢❖ Mb-mega bases ➢ it has a big mega bases 2.5Mb➢ Transcribed from RNA ❖ Most common inherited dystrophies, ❖❖ Dystrophin gene function ❖❖ Actin Cytoskeleton ❖ in dog models very often there's mutation that actually work in causing inappropriate splicing causes exon to be skipped including exon that have the defective mutation.❖❖ X chromosome in 3 species ❖❖ The cat x chromosome is similar to the human, the genes are organized in the same order ❖ Mouse- only has a handful of genes that are similar in order and compatibility❖❖ Synteny is conserved in mouse ❖ Synteny- is the conserved order of genes in the x chromosome sequence❖❖ Genome Evolution ❖➢ synteny map- color coding shows us that there are similar gene structure in thechromosome comparing human and mouse ➢ The X chromosome are identical in human and mouse although………➢ Most of the Differences appeared in the time of differences in rodents and primates ➢ But for some reason these changes in the chromosomes do not appear in the X➢➢ WHY NOT THE X? WHY IS SO CONSERVED?➢ we don't know at this point……➢➢➢➢ Chapter 3 Notes----Gene Function ➢➢ PKU➢ what is PKU?➢ an inherited metabolic disorder by mutations in gene encoding phenylalanine ➢ can cause a many different problems in infants ➢ block metabolic pathway ➢ 1. phenylalanine will accumulate ➢ 2. phenylpyruvate will accumulate and depending on diet there may also be a deficiency in tyrosine ➢➢ If Pku is detected then the diet can be changed and remove phenylalanine from diet and prevent many problems one being severe brain damage ➢➢ Pku is not controversial but the testing of newborns are controversial….. why?➢➢ Y414y ➢ Y=tyrosine, so at Y 414 tyrosine has mutated to Tyrosine???➢ mutation did not affect amino acid sequence ➢➢ Change of the encoding information cause most of the diseases we know ➢❖➢➢ Transfer of information ❖➢ DNA>>RNA>>> polypeptide ❖ anywhere in the process problems can occur❖ Complementary base pairing enables the transfer of information ➢ during transcription to RNA➢ During Translation to form polypeptide ❖ DNA-binding proteins➢ recognize double or single stranded DNA➢ Recognize specific nucleotide sequences ➢ are encoded by genes➢ have a variety of important functions❖ RNA➢ Transcription: copying nucleotide sequence of DNA into RNA■ forms RNA transcript■ Dna may be transcribed multiple times➢ RNA■ A C G U for rna ❖ Classes of RNA ➢ Informational RNAs-mRNA■ Primary transcript in prokaryotes■ processed transcript in eukaryotes● 5’ and 3’ end modification● intron removalTranscriptiontwo strand in dna are in antiparallel orientationone strand is 5’ and 3’ from left to right the other will be 3’ and 5’ from right to lefthow DNA pairs and how RNA pairs (5’ on the left and 3’ on the right for RNA) conventional (5’ 3’ on the top of DNA double strand) conventional for DNA so the bottom strand will be the one paring with the RNA since it has 5-3 and the DNA bottom strand has the 3-5 sequence so bottom strand of DNA is the template strand the top one is the non template strand or called the RNA like strand since there sequencing are similar 5’-3’ Transcription occurs only in the 5 prime to 3 prime sequence so there is no right direction which ever starts with 5’ and 3’ they are in the right direction 1-29-14Chapter 3 notes For DNA to transcribe it must be unwoundNucleotides are added one at a time to the growing strand on the 3 prime end ❖ RNA Polymerases ➢ prok- have single RNA polymerase➢ Eukary - have 3 major RNA■ RNA polymerase 1 transcribes rRNA Genes■ RNA polymerase 2 transcribes protein encoding genes ( most interested in the one we will use the most)■ RNA polymerase 3 transcribes tRNA❖ Transcription Steps➢ Initiation ■ at 5’ end of gene ■ binding of RNA Polymerase to promoter■ unwinding of DNA➢ Elongation ■ addition of nucleotides to 3’ end■ rules of base pairing ■ requires mg^2+■ energy from NTP substrates➢ Termination ■ look at notes ❖ TSS (Transcription Start site)➢ easier to recognize in prokaryote ➢ TATA box ( since its in that order)❖ Terminator loop in prokaryotes ➢ known also as hairpin loop ❖ Eukaryotic RNA PRocessing➢ 5’ end capping ■ addition of 7-methylguanosine ■ like by a three phosphate group( has 3 phosphates between each base of the eukaryotic messenger RNA 7 methyl g cap➢ 3’ end poly (A) Tail ■ Addition of up to 200 adenine nucleotides ■ downstream of AAUAAA polyadenylation signal ➢ INtron removal by spliceosome ■ nearly all introns have 5’GU and 3’AG recognition sequence TIS and TSS are not the same thing Translation initiation site------ Translation start site The very first bit of the 5’ gene does not get translated and the 3’ end of the gene does not get translated either 5’ untranslated After splicing has occurred the exon includes the untranslated region from the beginning like the 5’ and 3’ bits Protein Structure Protein in s polymer of amino acids 64 codons when you have 3 base pairs 21 is the minimum amount of codons even though there is 20 common amino acid. We require that extra codon to stock the codonsMethionine only has one codon everything else has two memorize AUG Met UAA STOP UAG STOPUGA STOP2-3-14Exam 1 wednesday FEB 12will cover through chapter 4bring scantron 882e pencil no notes calculatorno cell phones10-50 multiple choice and or true and false question 1 hour no make up examsmore regurgitation Starts at Codon Translation chapter 33’ acceptor end of trna will have charged amino acid c-g g-c a-uwho knows the code?aminoacyl-tRNA synthetasesone for each different tRNA (its a kind of tRNA)wobble position- prints the 3rd position of the codon to hydrogen bond in different ways with the first position of the anticodon and this allows a single trna to translate multiple codons table 3-2 in the 5’ anti codonthe G would usually pair with the C but now or a


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