ENTO 208 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Lecture 5I. EvolutionII. Hexapodaa. Insectai. Examples of individuals in insecta Outline of Lecture 6I. Internal Anatomya. Respiratory Systemb. Circulatory Systemc. Digestive Systemd. Nervous Systeme. Reproductive Systemf. Endocrine SystemCurrent Lecture (6)I. Internal Systems- Grasshoppers are a good base to start with but as you move through the different organisms the internal anatomy varies greatly. We will not go into as much depth with the internal anatomy as with the external.II. Respiratory system- Carry oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide- Spiracle: take in oxygen from environment and transports it to the trachea- Tracheae: carry the oxygen to the tracheoles - Tracheoles: main site of gas exchange (to muscles)III. Video- Spiracles attach to tracheae tubes and carries O2 to the rest of the body, the respiratory tissue also holds the internal structures together IV. Circulatory system- Transport nutrients, hormones, and waste products- Assist in immunity- Haemocoel – body cavity used in “open” circulatory sytems- Dorsal heart – intake valves called ostia- Pumps hemolymph to the anterior of the grasshopper via the aorta - Hemolymph fills haemocoelThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- not red, no hemoglobin, does not carry O2V. Video- Open circulatory system- Dorsal vessel to carry blood- Posterior heart- Anterior aortaVI. Digestive system- Breakdown food and excrete waste products- Foregut:- Proventriculus: grinds food (like the gizzard of birds)- Pharynx- Crop: storage- Esophagus- Hind gut:- Gastric caeca: secretion of enzymes and absorption of water- Ventriculus: digestion and absorption- Malpighian tubules: remove waste from the body (water, salt, small metabolites,toxins, wastes)- Rectum: water, salt, and metabolite reabsorption- Fat body: stores fatsVII. Video- Digestive system differs based on diet- Fore-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, - Mid - gastric ceca- Hindgut - malpighian tubules- take up water, salts, toxins, waste, small metabolites- Rectum selectively reabsorbs water salts and metabolitesVIII. Nervous system- Collect stimuli and convey information to body- Brain- Ventral nerve cord (rope ladder): one section for each segmentIX. Video- Central- brain (dumbbell shaped), ventral nerve cord (series of ganglia, one for each segment)X. Repro system- Females:- Ovaries (made up of ovarioles), oviduct, spermatheca (sperm are stored by female after mating)- Males:- testis (made up of follicles) vas deferens, seminal, ejaculatory duct, penis- Some insects have parthenogenesis (female can reproduce without the presence of a male)- *aphids - increased resistance when - Some insects control gender - a fertilized egg produce females, unfertilized leads to males (drones)- Some insects mate once and store sperm, some mate multiple times and have multiple males' sperm in spermatheca- can be used to eliminate populations (if they only mate once)- Sterilize males, the females they mate with are now sterileXI. Video- Ovarioles made of follicles- Egg passed through oviduct and fertilized by sperm from the spermathecaXII. Sperm competition- Mate guarding - guard female from other males- Mating plugs - form barrier at end of mating to prevent mating with other males- Specialized sperm to kill or block subsequent sperm - U-sperm & parasperm are not for fertilizing but solely to block other sperm- Toxic substances - prevent future attempts to mate- Offensive tactics - physically removes other sperma. Damsel flies i. Male’s specially designed penis is barbed and tongue like ii. Before depositing his sperm he scrapes out all sperm currently in the femaleXIII. Endocrine system- Secretes hormones into circulatory system to maintain homeostasis, coordinate behavior, and regulate growth, development, and physical