BIOL 1000 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters: 1 – 4, 6, 7Chapter 1 -Biology is derived from the Greek word bios, meaning “life”, and logia, meaning “study of”-Biology covers all living things-botany (plants)-zoology (animals)-microbiology (microorganisms)-Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus-plants, animals, fungus-prokaryotic cells don’t have a membrane bound nucleus-Bacteria-Organisms are life forms and are considered alive because they acquire and use energy, are made up of one or more cells, process information and capable of replication and are a product of evolution-science is about expressing hypotheses and finding proof that supports or clashes with those hypotheses-Scientific Method (Hypothesis Testing)1. Make an observation2. Ask how, why, when3. State the hypothesis (a testable statement to explain a set of observations)4. Make predictions (describes a measurable or observable result that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid)5. Make an experiment that will allow you to test those predictions-experiment: allow researchers to test the effect of a single, well-defined factor on a particular phenomenon-a theory is an explanation for a general class of phenomena or observations that are supportedby a wide body of evidence-pattern: something that can occur in the natural world-process: responsible for creating the pattern-The Cell Theory-In 1665 Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeukvenhoek discovered cells-a cell is an organized compartment bounded by a plasma membrane and contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution-a cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells (pattern) and that all cells come from preexisting cells (process)-The theory of Evolution by Natural Selection-in 1858 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace made two claims regarding the natural world-all species are related by a common ancestry (pattern) and descent with modification (process)-evolution is a change in the characteristics of a population over time-natural selection explains how evolution occurs -population is a group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area at the same time- In artificial selection changes in populations occur when humans select which individuals will produce the most offspring and helps us understand natural selection-fitness and adaptation drive natural selection-speciation is a divergence process in which natural selection has caused population of one species to diverge to form new species-the tree of life is a family tree of organisms that describes the genealogical relationships amongspecies with a single ancestral species at its base-a phylogenetic tree is used to show the relationships between speciesChapter 2-unfilled electron orbitals allow formation of chemical bonds-atoms are most stable when each electron orbital is filled-atoms are composed of:-protons (positively charged particles)-electrons (negatively charged particles)-neutrons (neutral particles)-protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus-electrons are found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus-mass number is the number of protons + nucleus-atomic number is the number of protons-electrons equals protons-valence: number of unpaired electrons -molecules are substances held together by covalent bonds -covalent bond; each atoms unpaired valence electrons are shared by both nuclei to fill their orbitals-nonpolar covalent bonds: equal sharing of electrons, atoms have no charge-polar covalent bonds: are not shared equally, atoms have partial charge, dissolves in water-ex: water; small, cohesive, adhesive, denser as a solid than a liquid, able to absorb large amounts of energy-the more electronegativity the more it’s polar-Ionic bonds; electrons are transferred from one atom to the other, atoms have full charge-ions: an atom or molecule that carries a charge-cation: loses an electron, positive charge-anion: gains an electron, negative charge-hydrogen bonding makes it possible for almost any charged or polar molecule to dissolve in water-hydrophilic atoms and molecules are ions and polar molecules that stay in solution because of their interactions with waters partial charges-hydrophobic molecules are unchanged and nonpolar compound that don’t dissolve in waterChapter 3-all proteins are made from just 20 amino acid building blocks-proteins are macromolecules consisting of amino acid monomers linked through chemical bonds-proteins are polypeptides containing more than 50 amino acids-the peptide bond is formed through a condensation reaction -all proteins have just 4 basic levels of structure (primary; determines the high level structure, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)-protein folding is often spontaneous because of the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions which make the folded molecule more energetically stable-a denatured (unfolded) protein is unable to function normally-molecular chaperones help proteins fold correctly in cells-Amino Acid Structure-hydrogen atom-amino functional group’-carboxyl functional group-R-group, side chain (know what makes it basic or acidic)-polymerization requires energy and is nonspontaneous-monomers polymerize through condensation reactions that release a water molecule-hydrolysis is the reverse reaction that breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule-polypeptide; a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds -oligopeptides; polypeptides containing fewer than 50 amino acids-the peptide bond is formed through a condensation reaction-polypeptide characteristics-R-group orientation-directionality-flexibilityChapter 4-a nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotide monomers-nucleotides are building blocks of DNA and RNA-phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base-nucleotides polymerize to form nucleic acids-Secondary structure of DNA-James Watson and Francis Crick determined that DNA strands run in an antiparallel configuration, that DNA stands form a double helix and that nitrogenous base pairs face the interior with purines (A, G) always with pyrimidines (C, U, T)-DNA-DNA stores and transmits to genetic information-DNA is more stable than RNA because it lacks the 2’-OH in the sugar-DNA inept at catalysis-RNA-RNA contains uracil instead of thymine-Ribose makes RNA much more reactive-the secondary structure of RNA is more flexible because its single stranded-hydrogen bonds in the same strand, forms a hairpin structure, results from complementary base pairing-RNA has a tertiary