Organizational Psych 308Exam # 1 Study Guide: Unit 1 LecturesIntroduction to Organizational Psychology: 1. What is the definition of organizational psychology?The application of psychological principles to the workplace, the study of organizations and the people who work in them.2. What does SIOP stand for?Association of Industrial/Organizational Psychologists (under the APA)3. What are the three primary goals of IO?1) Increase employee satisfaction2) Increase employee well-being3) Increase employee productivity.*HAPPY.HEALTHY.PRODUCTIVE4. Which topics in IO are industrial, which are organizational?Industrial: Job analysis, personnel selection, performance appraisal, training, personality at workOrganizational: Motivation, job satisfaction, groups & teams, leadership, work-life balance, organizational fairness/legal issues5. What disciplines does IO psych overlap with?Human resources, cognitive psychology, social psychology, management, psychometrics & statistics, counseling psychology6. What are some roles in IO Psych? What do IO psychologists NOT do?They can be employed in research/academia (lower salaried positions), or as a practitioner or consultant. Internal consultants work for a single organization whereas external consultants conduct project-based work. IO psychologists do NOT counsel. History: 1. Who are three major players in the development of IO psychology and what were each of their contributions?a. Fred Taylor: Advocated scientific management and the application of empiricism in the workplace. Said that efficiency can be measured. b. Max Weber: Developed concept of bureaucracy; stated that professional advancement should be based on merit and not on nepotism. c. Lewin: developed the idea of action research2. How was work originally conceived of (over 100+ yrs ago)?Informal, passed down over generations, mostly familial business. 3. What characterized work during the Industrial Revolution?Poor treatment of workers; viewed as physical strength and nothing more. 4. How was work conceptualized during the 1900s?Work was finally looked at as a science, it was realized that workers are rational beings and respond to financial incentives. Jobs can be redesigned to be more efficient. 5. What was work like in the 1920s?It was finally acknowledged that work has social implications. The Hawthorne Studies provedthat social norms matter. 6. What was work like in the 1950s?The workforce started changing, particularly as more women began working during the war. 7. What was the work climate of the 1970s?The 1970s zeitgeist was that of a strong reaction towards authority. Thus, workers tended to seek fulfillment from work, rather than appeasing the organization. 8. What are some current trends in the workforce?Globalization, a changing nature of work (telework, flex hours, job sharing), workers are more committed to job than their organizationEthics: 1. What are two major conflicts of interest an IO psychologist might face?Social role vs. job (ie: when conducting interviews, observing behavior, etc.), and if the results don’t line up with the expectations of the employer.Research Methods: 1. Why are research methods so important? Anecdotal evidence is not enough. 2. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? Qualitative data is rich and detailed but takes forever to complete. Quantitative data is much easier to obtain and analyze statistically, but is less descriptive.3. What is a correlational study and its pros and cons?The measurement of the relationship between two variables, shows relation but does NOT imply causation. The pros are that it is quick and relatively easy to conduct. Also, it is possible to conduct sophisticated analyses on the results. The cons are that results do not suggest causation. 4. What does it mean to have a positive or a negative correlation? A positive correlation means that the two variables in question move in the same direction, either up or down. A negative correlation, conversely, means that the two variables move in opposite directions. 5. What is an experiment and what are its pros and cons? An experiment is the only way to draw causal inferences. It involves the manipulationof the independent variable, random assignment to treatments conditions, control ofpotential confounding variables, and the measurement of the dependent variable. The pros of experimentation are its ability to assess causal relationships, but the consare the time expenditure, the practicality of conducting an experiment given certain situations, and whether or not the findings are able to be generalized to the general population. 6. What is quasiexperimentation and what are its pros and cons? Quasiexperimentation lacks random assignment to treatment conditions; the independent is not manipulated but rather occurs naturally (ie: gender, age, ethnicity, etc.). The pros are that is naturalistic/realistic, but the cons are limited control.Methods of Data Collection: 1. How should the method of data collection be selected?Based on the current resources available, the research question at hand, and the pros and cons of each method. 2. How are surveys conducted?Surveys can be collected via self-report and/or sampling, but the sample should be a representative, random sample of people. 3. Pros and cons of surveys?The pros are that its quick, easy and cheap. The cons, however, are that people can be influenced by word effects, the questions/answers can be misleading and/or incomplete,and the sample characteristics may not be representative. 4. What is the difference between observational and archival data?Observational data is simply the systematic observation of behavior, archival informationis data/records that have been compiled for purposes other than research. In archival information one major con is the researcher has no say in how the data is collected. 5. What is the difference between interviews and focus groups? Interviews are one on one, focus groups are intimate groups of 4-8 people. 6. What are important considerations when conducting research?1) Experimental Realism: Occurrences in the study mimic real life emotions/consequences. 2) Mundane Realism: Are the situations in themselves actually realistic?3) Validity: Internal and external4) Self-report concerns 5) Reliability7. Why is it important to consider the realism of the research?It determines generalizability of findings.Statistics: 1. What is reliability? The consistency of results