Understanding Basic SI Units and Significant FiguresFor this exam, you will need to know how to convert one prefixed SI unit to another. The SI Units you will need to memorize are: mega, kilo, centi, milli, micro, and nano. You DO NOT need to memorize volume relationships and conversion factors, but you will need to understand them. Determine the values of the six SI unit prefixes. Then explain how to find conversion factors for prefixed SI units.NameSymbolMeaningConversion (with meters)megaM1061 megameter = 1000000 meterskilok1031 kilometer = 1000 meterscentic10-21 meter = 100 centimetersmillim10-31 meter = 1000 millimetersmicrou10-61 meter = 1000000 micrometersnanon10-91 meter = 1000000000 nanometersInitial units x (desired units/initial units)= desired unitsBy multiplying the unit ration, the kilometer unit is canceled out, leaving you with the unit you want.Explain what significant figures are. Then explain how you determine the number of significant figures in a measurement. How you know the number of significant figures after multiplying, dividing, adding or subtracting measurements?Significant figures- All digits after (and including) the first nonzero digit, starting on the left side of the numberAddition/Subtraction:- Include all the digits to the left of the decimal and only the digits to the right of the decimal that appear in both the measurementMultiplication and Division:- Count the digits of both measurements and the one with the least amount of digits is the amount of significant figures for the answer.Lecture 3 (September 3)What is the difference between precision and accuracy? Can you have both precision and accuracy at the same time?- Accuracy: agreement between measured value and accepted or true value- Precision: agreement among repeated measurementss/g measured many times and getting the same result despite that not being accurateSince precision is the act of getting the same response after several trials, you can have both precision AND accuracy when you are getting the same results over and over again that are also accurate (a true value).What are the three temperature scales? How do you convert back and forth between them?Fahrenheit (°F)Celsius (°C)Kelvin (K)K = °C+ 273.15°C = 5/9 (°F-32)Define radioactivity.The spontaneous emission of high-energy radiation and particlesWhat is the nucleus in an atom? How big is it and what is it made up of?Nucleus- Positively charged center of an atom, containing nearly all of the atom’s massAbout 1/10000 the size of the atomConsists of two types of particlesProton- positively charged subatomic particlesNeutrons- electrically neutral subatomic particleLecture 4 (September 5th)What is an isotope? What sets it apart from normal elements?Isotopes: atoms of an element containing the same # of protons but different #s of neutronsModern Periodic TableHorizontal rows: called periods (1-7)Columns: Contain elements of the same family or group (1-18)Be able to locate these groups on the periodic table:Group 1: Alkali metalsGroup 2: Alkaline Earth MetalsGroup 17 HalogensGroup 18: Noble gasesName and define the three categories of elements that are important to know for this class.Metals (left side and bottom of table)Shiny solids; conduct heat and electricity; are malleable and ductileNonmetals (right side and top of table)Solids (brittle), liquids and gases; nonconductorsMetalloids (between metals/nonmetals)Shiny solids (like metals); brittle (like nonmetals); semiconductorsDifferentiate between main group elements and transition metals.Main group elements include the first two columns and the last six columns. The transition metals are the ten middle columns in the periodic table.Average atomic massAverage atomic massWeighted average of masses of all isotopes of an elementCalculated by multiplying the natural abundance of each isotope by its mass in amu and then summing these productsNatural abundanceProportion of a particular isotope, usually expressed as a percentage, relative to all the isotopes for that element in a natural sampleExplain how to calculate the weighted average of an element.For this question, an example element is given with three isotopes, along with corresponding masses and natural abundance percentages. You will set up the problem by multiplying each mass by its corresponding natural abundance percentage, then adding those three equations.Example of Set-up: (19.9924x 90.4838%) + (20.9940 x 0.2696%) + (21.9914 X 9.2465%) = 20.1797 amuExplain the fundamental constant: Avogadro’s number.Avogadro’s number is the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. It’s a convenient unit for expressing macroscopic quantities (atoms or molecules) and has a unit of moles.Have a basic understanding of molar mass, molecular mass, and formula mass.Molar Mass: the mass (in grams) of one mole of the substance (atom, molecule or formula unit)Molecular mass:Mass of one molecule of a molecular compoundSum of the atomic masses of the atoms in that compoundFormula mass: mass in atomic mass units of one formula unit of an ionic compoundKnow how to calculate between moles, mass, and particles.Moles to particles: Multiply by Avogadro’s NumberMoles to mass: Multiply by Molar massParticles to moles: Divide by Avogadro’s NumberParticles to mass: Divide by Avogadro’s Number/ Molar massMass to moles: Divide by Molar massMass to particles: Multiply by Avogadro’s Number/ Molar massLecture 4 (September 8th)Gravitational and electrostatic forces have similaritiesKnow and understand the equations for gravitational force between two objects and electrostatic force between two objects.Gravitational force between two objects:Electrostatic force between two objects:F= forceG= proportionality constantR2= distance btw centers of objectsM1, M2 = masses of two objectsQ1, Q2 = charges of two objectsDoes the relationship between potential and kinetic energy apply to something as small as particles?Just like there’s potential energy btw the skater and the earth, there’s potential energy between charged particles.What happens to the potential and kinetic energy when an electron and a proton are moved so far apart that they’re not attracted and don’t influence each other? If potential energy is zero at it’s fullest point, does that mean that kinetic energy will be zero as well?The potential energy will increase while the kinetic energy will decreaseWhen potential energy= 0, kinetic energy will be less than zero.Lecture 5