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ISU SOA 106 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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SOA 1061st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 11Lecture 1 ( August 22)● Sociology---is the systematic study of human society and social behavior, from large scaleinstitutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions.● Basic Principles of Sociology1. Society creates reality2. It is possible to study society scientifically3. Cultures differ across time and space4. Individuals and society are inseparable5. Institutions are inherently conservative6. Social life is dynamic● The Sociological Imagination --the ability to connect individuals lives to historical forces that shape them.○ coined by C. Wright Mills○ the sociological imagination is the intersection of biography and historyLecture 2 ( August 25)● Sociology as a discipline is the product of two dramatic social changes -- Englightenment and Industrial Revolution● Enlightenment ( 18th C)● “ Age of Reason”● emergence of political liberty● political revolutions● rise of science and rational thought● Industrial Revolution (19th C)● Shift from Agrarian to Industrial economy● urbanization● extremes of wealth and poverty● Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)● Key Problem: understanding the social forces that produce order and disorder● Key Concepts: social facts, observable, division of labor, anomie● Key Works: The Division of Labor in Society (1893) - Suicide (1897)● Believed social facts were the essence of sociological works● Division of Labor and Society● Mechanical Solidarity - holds traditional societies together (simple societies), built on sameness, unspecialized division of labor (EX. Amish Community)● Organic Solidarity - high level of specialization - high division of labor● Division of labor makes people dependent on one another--creates solidarity○ break this down = chaos● Suicide● Importance of social integration--put sociology on the map○ holdings still hold true● Discovers role of social integration-- not concerned with individual suicide, concerned with rates across countires● Why would some societies have higher/lower rates than others?○ rich people have higher suicide rates○ poor people are firmly integrated into their communities, depend on each other○ less integrated= higher suicide rates○ single people have higher suicide rates○ protestants have higher rates than catholics● Social roots of personal acts● value of scientific sociological analysisLecture 3 (August 27)● Karl Marx (1818-1883)● Key Problem: understanding how the economic system affects society and its people● Key Concepts: historical materialism, class struggle, surplus value, false consciousness● Key Works: The Communist Manifesto (1848), Capitol (Vol.1-4)● Historical Materialism-- if you want to understand society, you must understand its economic arrangements● Marx’s Analysis of Capitalism● Key Features: private property -- any property that can be used for proactive purposes (profit)○ socialism- society owns the property○ capitalisms-- an individuals owns the property● predicted that private property would reach inhuman levels. People would make private property out of everything ( and we have)● Surplus Value● root cause of class conflict● controlled by owner in capitalism--money is not given back to the workers● you always produce more value than you are paid○ if you were paid your value there would be no surplus to invest○ all of society is infused from this● Class Conflict● There has never been a communist revolution (Marx thought there would be)● Bourgeoisie -- capitalist class● Proletariat -- working class● There is no middle class● Globalization knocks down our wages● Marx thought people would overthrow capitalism and private property○ in order to do that people would have had to overcome false consciousness in order to overthrow● False Consciousness-- when workers start to identify with the capitalistLecture 4 (August 29)● Max Weber (1864-1920)● Key problems: Effects of rationality on modern society, response to Marx’s economic emphasis● Key concepts: Inconvient facts, rationalization, bureaucracy● Key works: Economy and Society, Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism● Work seen as a response to Marx’s work○ agreed with Marx’s idea of capitalism● Thought bureaucracy was an example of a rational society○ bureaucracy focused on rules/laws● The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism● Cultural and religious roots of modern capitalism● Salvations is a “calling”○ viewed work as a “calling”○ A calling means that it serves a higher purpose, you worshiped God by working hard at your job○ Weber thought it served a double purpose--if you are doing well at work you are among the “choosen” who go to heaven● Modern capitalism would not have been created without religion○ Weber thought that the religion aspect would fade away (and it has)● The Iron Cage--structural problem, you cannot opt out of doing work because someone else will be willing to work harder than you○ EX: If you don’t get a college education you end up making $8.25 the rest of your life● What is Science?● Science Inquiry -- a logical system that derives knowledge from direct , systematic, observation and empirical evidence.● Sociology -- involves scientific inquiry of the social world, collecting and analyzing systematically gathered empirical data.Distinguishing Sociology From…● Journalism-- telling a story about society but not held to the same level as sociologists● Personal opinion and common sense-- sociology is a science, their “opinions” are backedup by facts and data● Unscientific surveys-- students make decisions based on flawed data (Rate my Professor)○ this bad data is then recycled and repackaged by other “reputable” news sourcesto draw erroneous conclusions (EX: Colleges with the worst professors)Opinion vs. Science: What is the Difference?● Opinions--everyone has one but they’re not all equally valid● Science--”opinions” are supported by systematically gathered empirical evidenceLecture 5 ( September 3)● The Social Construct of Reality● “ If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” - W.I. Thomas● Sociologist believe reality is a social construct● The social construct of reality -- the process through which facts, knowledge, and truth are discovered, made known, reaffirmed, and altered by


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ISU SOA 106 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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