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SKIDMORE PS 217 - PS 217 Exam 2

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Exam 2 - 1 of 5 ID# Exam 2 PS 217, Spring 2010 As always, the Skidmore Honor Code is in effect, so at the end of the exam you will need to sign a sheet attesting to your adherence to the code. Read each question carefully and answer it completely. Be sure to show all your work, otherwise I cannot give you partial credit for your work. Remember to think of a point as a minute, so you should expect to spend roughly 15 minutes on a 15-point question, etc. If a question is unclear to you, be sure to ask me for clarification. Good luck on the exam. 1. In PS 306 this semester, we conducted a lab in which subjects served as mock eyewitnesses. Even though they hadn’t actually observed a crime, they could read descriptions from eyewitnesses (see below) and then rate the similarity of each of the six pictures in a photo-array (see below) to that description. Think about it. If the police put together an unbiased photo-array, what should happen? Right! People should rate all the faces as equally similar to the eyewitness description. In other words, if the photo-array was fair, an analysis of the data would retain H0: µFace1 = µFace2 = µFace3 = µFace4 = µFace5 = µFace6. If the similarity ratings (made on a 7-pt scale, from 1 = bad match to 7 = great match) differ for the faces, it would indicate that the photo-array is biased. Complete the analysis below and interpret the results as completely as you can. (A1F1 means Array 1 Face 1, etc.) [N.B. The photos were presented simultaneously, so there was no counterbalancing.] [15 pts] African-American male in his early 20’s with dark hair, an oval face and broad forehead. Small, dark eyes and thin eyebrows. A wide nose, thick lips and small, protruding ears. Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Partial Eta Squared Observed Powera face Sphericity Assumed 579.1 .000 .450 1.000 Error(face) Sphericity Assumed 707.9Exam 2 - 2 of 5 2. Some questions primarily related to repeated measures designs: a. In a single-factor repeated measures design with 7 levels of the factor (A), how many participants would you need to conduct the study if you wanted a minimum of 15 scores per condition (cell)? [2 pts] b. Suppose that you conduct the study (as in a above, with k = 7 and n = ?). Complete the resulting source table below. [5 pts] Source SS df MS F Between (A) 120 Within Subject 243 Error Total 687 c. Use the above source table to illustrate why it is that the repeated measures analysis will typically be more powerful than the independent groups analysis. That is, what component of the source table is largely responsible for making the repeated measures analysis more powerful? (Show why.) [2 pts] d. Why is it that you typically cannot conduct a repeated measures study for a characteristic of a person (e.g., gender, IQ)? [1 pt] e. Under what other circumstances would you not be able to conduct an experiment as a repeated measures design? [1 pt] f. In an independent groups ANOVA, what is the best estimate of population variance (σ2)? [2 pts] g. Why is it that MSError in a repeated measures ANOVA is not a good estimate of population variance? [2 pts]Exam 2 - 3 of 5 3. Although psychologists do not completely understand the phenomenon of dreaming, it does appear that people need to dream. One experiment demonstrating this fact shows that people who are deprived of dreaming one night will tend to have extra dreams the following night, as if they were trying to make up for the lost dreams. In a typical version of this experiment, the psychologist first records the number of dreams (by monitoring rapid eye movements [REM]) during a normal night's sleep. The next night, each subject is prevented from dreaming by being awakened as soon as she or he begins a dream. During the third night, the psychologist once again records the number of dreams. Hypothetical data from this experiment are as follows: First Night Night After Deprivation S1 4 7 S2 5 5 S3 4 8 S4 6 7 S5 4 10 S6 5 7 S7 4 7 S8 4 6 Sum 36 57 Sum of squared scores (i.e., ΣX2) 166 421 Interpret these data as completely as you can. [15 pts]Exam 2 - 4 of 5 4. Below are some summary data from a single-factor independent groups experiment. On the basis of this information, you can compute an ANOVA. (Trust me, you can!) You can complete the source table from these data by knowing the formulas for mean and variance, which you can turn into needed components (as you did on a homework problem). Another approach requires that you use information that you should know about the conceptual basis for the MSBetween and the MSWithin. Analyze the data as completely as possible (i.e., don’t simply complete the source table). [15 pts.] IV = Type of learning strategy (Repetition, Imagery, Make-a-Story, No Instructions) DV = Number of words recalled out of 30 Repetition Imagery Make-a-Story No Instructions Mean 2.6 7.2 7.2 5.7 Variance 1.6 2.4 2.4 .9 n 10 10 10 10 Source SS df MS F Between Within TotalExam 2 - 5 of 5 5. Senay, Albaraccin, and Noguchi (2010) published an article entitled Motivating Goal-Directed Behavior Through Introspective Self-Talk: The Role of the Interrogative Form of Simple Future Tense. Their abstract reads as follows: Although essential for psychology, introspective self-talk has rarely been studied with respect to its effects on behavior. Nevertheless, the interrogative compared with the declarative form of introspective talk may elicit more intrinsically motivated reasons for action, resulting in goal-directed behavior. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to solve anagrams if they prepared for the task by asking themselves whether they would work on anagrams as opposed to declaring that they would. In the next three experiments, merely writing Will I as opposed to I will as part of an ostensibly unrelated handwriting task produced better anagram-solving performance and stronger intentions to exercise, which suggests that priming the interrogative structure of self-talk is enough to motivate goal-directed behavior. This effect was found to be mediated by the intrinsic motivation for action and moderated by the salience of the word order of the primes. They described Experiment 2 as seen below: Participants and design. Participants were introductory psychology students, who received course credit for their participation. The experimental design included four


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