-Earth's heat budget and surface winds-Relationship between ocean circulation, nutrient distribution, and biological productivity-Blackbody radiation curves and greenhouse has absorption spectra-Waves and Tides1. Coriolis effecta. N Hemisphere—rightb. S Hemisphere—leftc. Influences layered oceani. Net flow 90° to the right/left of wind direction2. Ekman transporta. Spirals as depth increases (Ekman spiral) (100-150m)i. Current moves 90° right/left of windnet flowb. Frictional coupling (2 fluids)—wind/surface wateri. Less KE transferred to lower layersii. Causes circular flow patternc. Surface water 45° right/left of wind3. Divergence zonea. High productivityb. Upwellingc. Depression of water as it moves away4. Convergence zonea. Low productivityb. Gyrec. Downwelling5. Tracking currentsa. Lagrangian: follow an object as it driftsb. Eulerian: measures currents at fixed points6. Geostrophic flowa. Coriolis (inward deflection)/gravity (outward flow) balancedb. Around gyres, no deflection of currents7. Western intensificationa. Water moves toward polesi. Affected by Coriolis moreb. Stronger/deeper/narrowerc. Strength/direction of E-W windsd. Compression of currents8. Flow of currentsa. 1-2% wind speedb. Sverdrup (Sv)i. 1x106 m3s-19. El Ninoa. Tradewinds weaken/reverseb. Warmer surface waters10. La Ninaa. Stronger tradewindsb. Colder waters11. Gyresa. Clockwise (N), counterclockwise (S)b. Higher on western hemispherec. Low productivity at center12. Wave key ideasa. Transmits energy, not massb. Behavior depends on size/depthc. Change in direction by:i. Refractionii. Diffractioniii. Interferenceiv. Reflection13. Types of wavesa. Swelli. Longer wavelengthii. Away from originationb. Wavesi. Linked to wind directionii. Transmits energyc. Rogue wavesi. Constructive interference14. Wave speeda. Celerity (L/T) (wavelength/period)b. Shallow water waves < L/20c. Deep water waves > L/215. How waves are generateda. Generating forcei. Wind, tides, tectonicsii. Forces water above equilibrium pointb. Relaxation forcei. Gravity, surface tensionii. Capillary waves16. Wave height controlled by:a. Wind speedb. Wind durationc. Fetch17. Termsa. Reflectioni. Bounces off barrierb. Diffractioni. Moves around/through barrierc. Refractioni. Pass from one medium to
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