- Structure of water moleculeo Hydrogen and oxygen covalently bonded 105° angle between H atomso electrons unevenly distributed polar- O—negative charge- H—positive chargeo Dissolving power Result of polarity Hydrogen bonding Surround salts and other substances and pull the apart Universal solvento Transmission of heat Specific heat: 1 cal/g/°C Dissolved salts change boiling/freezing point Heat capacity—amount of heat needed to produce a unit change in temperature Conduction—touching Convection—density driven Radiation—direct transmission without a medium Oceans heated by solar radiation 80 calories needed to change 1 g of water to water vaporo Changes in states of matter Due to addition/loss of heat Latent heat: heat needed to change states- Fusion—solid and liquid- Vaporization—liquid and gas Kinetic energy- Ice—low- Water—medium- Vapor--high- Density of water with respect to:o Deep ocean waterso Salinity and temperature variations—thermohaline circulation Warm water<cold water Density increases when salt is addedo Water column structure (mixed layer, thermocline, etc) Mixed layer: 0-100m Pycnocline: 100-1000m Deep ocean: 100-5000mo Seawater≈35g/kgo Cline: large change in a property of water with respect to depth Thermocline: decrease in temperature Halocline: increase in salinity Pycnocline: increase in densityo Density changes in surface Decrease- Solar heating- Freshwater input Increase- Evaporation (cools and increases salinity)- Freezing- Energy transmission in the ocean with respect to:o Light attenuation Decrease in light intensity over a distance Beer’s Law: Iz=Ioe-kz- Iz/Io between 0 and 1- Io=1670 W/m2 at sun- Io=360 W/m2 at surfaceo Sound Velocity of sound in water: 1500 m/s High frequency sounds don’t travel as far as low frequencyo Attenuation at different wavelengths Blackbody radiation- Units of concentrationo Percent to ppm: 1%=10000 ppmo Per mil parts per thousand g/kgo Ppm μ/go Ppb ng/go Ppt pg/g- Know range of salinity of ocean surface and deptho Surface salinity—function of evaporation and precipitation E = P: no net change E > P: salinity increase—arid E < P: salinity decrease—humid o Associated with latitudeo About 35‰- Greenhouse effecto Atmospheric composition and structure- Steady stateo Have to have: Input=output Reservoir unchanging in sizeo Residence time Average amount of time that an object/component/substance remains in reservoiro Concentrations of dissolved ions pH scale- 0-14o below 7: acidico above 7: basic- seawater: about 8- pH=-log[H+]o 2 box model photosynthesis generates oxygen and uses carbon dioxide at surface respiration uses oxygen and generates carbon dioxide at depths dissolved oxygen: 0-10mL/L carbon dioxide: 45-54 mL/L- Redfield ratioo C:N:P 106:16:1- Diagnostic absorptivity at different wavelengthso Blackbody radiation—emits/absorbs electromagnetic radiation equally well at all wavelengthso Electromagnetic radiation—self-propagating wave traveling at the speed of light (C=3x108 m/s)- Surface winds- Lighto Short wavelengths: gamma, x-rays, UVo Long wavelengths: infrared, micro and radioo High frequency, short wavelengths—high energyo Low frequency, long wavelengths—low energy- Chemistry of oceano Major constituents Chloride, sodium, potassium, sulfate, magnesium, calciumo Principle of constant proportions—ratio of major constituents in seawater will remain constant regardless of changes in
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