Chem 1360 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Chapters: 3 & 11Chapter 3-the use of electricity to cause a chemical reaction is called electrolysis-during electrolysis of molten sodium hydroxide, chloride anions move to the anode, which is positively charged-Cathode rays are not composed of particles with a mass of 1 u-Thomson used a cathode-ray tube to discover that cathode rays are deflected by an electric field-When J.J. Thomson discovered the electron, he measured its mass-to-charge ratio-Millikan determined the charge of an electron by noting that the drops had either a certain minimum charge or multiples of that charge-the mass of an alpha particle is about four times that of a hydrogen atom-compared to the charge on an electron, the charge on an alpha particle is about 2+-a beta particle is a helium nucleus-the mass of a gamma ray is 0u-radioactivity arises from elements that are unstable and emit radiation-the most persuasive evidence from Rutherford’s gold-foil experiment was that most of the alpha particles wet right through the foil, but a tiny fraction were reflected right back toward the source-Rutherford’s experiment showed that the nucleus was tiny and positively charged-Rutherford concluded that atoms consist of empty space-the positively charged part of the atom is the nucleus-the identity of an element is determined by its number of electrons-about 1800 electrons are required to equal the mass of one proton-neutrons and protons have the same mass-the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom is its nucleon number-an atom in an excited state is one with an electron that has moved to a higher energy levelChapter 11-the largest source of background radiation is radon-the largest source of background radiation is medical x-rays-what is used to irradiate foodstuffs to extend shelf life is gamma rays-Iodine is sometimes used for detecting leaks in underground pipes because it has a short half-life-what form of radiation is detected in PET scans-positron-which form of radiation could not readily penetrate a sheet of paper-alpha-which of the following pairs represent the most and least penetrating types of radiation-gamma/alpha-helium has a high binding energy per nucleon, which means that it is more stable than H and Li-the most stable nuclei are those of Fe-nuclei with nuclear numbers greater than that of iron are less stable than iron-which subatomic particles are responsible for carrying on the chain reactions characteristic of nuclear fission-neutrons-hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3 fuse to form helium-4, the product is neutron-the isotope used in uranium fission reactions is uranium-235-plutonium for fission reactions is made from uranium-238-strontium-90 substitutes for calcium in bones because Sr and Ca are in the same groupof the periodic