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Mizzou MICROB 3200 - Adaptive Immunity and Immunization

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MICROB 3200 1nd Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Current Lecture 1) Adaptive Immunitya. Immune responses and protection.b. The structure of the B & T cell antigen receptor and the classes of T lymphocytes. c. To discuss antigen processing, presentation d. Cytokine production and function. e. To discuss the interactions between lymphocyte populations required for the induction of either a humoral or cell-mediated immune response. f. Memory development. 2) Immunizationa. To identify several clinical applications of the mechanisms of protective immunity. b. Classify vaccine types and the limitations associated with eachc. Introduce the concept of passive immunity and the production of monoclonal antibodies d. To discuss the value of immune testing in the clinic or laboratorye. Brief discussion of immune therapies. Current LectureAdaptive Immunity How do we get from antigen recognition to effector function? Binding of antigen receptor (BCR or TCR) to antigen signals the activation, proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes T cells: effector function killing (CD8) and cytokine expression (CD8 and CD4) TCR and co-receptor bind/pMHCmolecules B cells: antibody production BCR bind protein(or peptide) antigen “Major Histocompatibility Complex” (MHC) Proteins expressed on the surface of cells that present fragments of proteins derived from either exogenous or endogenous antigens Two major types of MHC molecules Class I molecules found on all nucleated cells Class II molecules found on antigen presenting cells (APCs) - Play a critical role in defining the type of adaptive immune response. Types of T Lymphocytes 2 major types CD4+T Lymphocytes-- 2 types of helper T cells These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.CD8+T Lymphocytes-- Cytotoxic T cells CD4/CD8 represent surface markers that are used to identify specific T cell populations, more importantlythey serve as co-receptor molecules to recognize MHC molecules and initiate TCR signaling Helper T Cells (CD4)THCells) Distinguished by the molecule CD4 cell-surface glycoprotein, a TCR co-receptor Function to“help”regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells during an immune response Secrete various soluble protein molecules, called cytokines, that help to determine which adaptive immune response will be generated Helper T Cells (CD4)TH 4 major types Type 1 helper T cell (TH1) (respond to IL-12) Associated with cell-mediated responses Assist cytotoxic T cells and phagocytes Express a chemokine receptor named CXCR3 and produceIFNg Type 2 helper T cell (TH2) (respond to IL-4) Associated with humoral responses Assist B cells Express chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 and produce IL-4 and IL-5 Helper T Cells (CD4)TH Type 17 helper T cell (TH1) Associated with fungal and specific bacterial immune responses Express a chemokine IL-17 T regulatory cell (Treg) Negatively regulate immune responses Important contribution to peripheral tolerance by limiting the response to self. Express the transcription factor Foxp3& and the TGFβ and IL-10 (negative regulators of DC and T cells) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CD8 T cells: Kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens or tumor/cancerous cells. Secrete INF-γto activate macrophages and skew the response to Th1. Immune responses and protection Humoral Immune Response Body mounts humoral immune responses against extracellular pathogens and toxins Components of a humoral immune response B cell activation leading to secretion of antibodies Development of memory B cells and the establishment of immunological memory Cell-Mediated Immune Response Directed against intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells (cancerous cells) Intracellular pathogens include both bacteria and viruses Triggered when antigenic determinants of the pathogen are displayed on the host cell’s surface Components of cell mediated immune response: T cells Antigen presenting cells Immune system cytokines Interleukins (ILs) signal among leukocytes. IFNgis secreted by and activates a subset of leukocytes. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) kills tumor cells and regulates immune responses.Chemokines are proteins that signal the recruitment of leukocytes and regulate inflammation Cytokine Function: regulate the nature of the immune response IL-2: T cell growth factor Humoral response: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13: promote Th2 (CD4 T cells);isotypeswitch, proliferation B cells Cellular response: IL-12: promotes Th1(CD4 T cells), enhances killing and memory (CD8 T cells) INF-γ: promotes Th1, killing and activates macrophages. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) (CTLs) Distinguished by the CD8 cell-surface glycoprotein Directly kill certain cells Cells infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens Abnormal cells, such as cancer cells T Cell Regulation Careful regulation of cell-mediated immune responses to prevent T cells from responding toautoantigensand /or regulating the extent of the immune response Regulatory T cells ( CD4+) - produce cytokines (IL-10,TGF-b) that limit the adaptive immune response Immunological memory Immunization Lecture 5 Lecture Objectives - To identify several clinical applications of the mechanisms of protective immunity. - Classify vaccine types and the limitations associated with each - Introduce the concept of passive immunity and the production of monoclonal antibodies - To discuss the value of immune testing in the clinic or laboratory - Brief discussion of immune therapies. The shortened version of the extremely long history of immunization History of vaccination - The Chinese noticed that children who recovered from smallpox did not contract the disease a second time - They infected young children with material from a smallpox scab to induce immunity in these children, a process known asvariolation - Edward Jenner found that protection against smallpox could be induced by inoculation with material from an individual infected with cowpox, a similar but much milder disease than smallpox - Since cowpox was also calledvacciniathis process was called vaccination, and the inoculum was termed a vaccine Immunization - Acquired immunity leads to protection against infection and disease. - Vaccination is a form of acquired immunity that is utilized to induce long term protective immunity in an individual without causing disease. A different


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Mizzou MICROB 3200 - Adaptive Immunity and Immunization

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