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Chapter 2Chapter ObjectivesSlide 3Skimming SchemesSkimmingAsset MisappropriationsFrequency of Cash MisappropriationsMedian Loss of Cash MisappropriationsSales SkimmingSlide 10Slide 11Preventing and Detecting Sales SkimmingReceivables SkimmingSlide 14Slide 15Preventing and Detecting Receivables Skimming1SkimmingChapter 22•Define skimming.•List and understand the two principal categories of skimming schemes.•Understand how sales skimming is committed and concealed.•Understand schemes involving understated sales.•Understand how cash register manipulations are used to skim currency.•Be familiar with how sales are skimmed during non-business hours.•Understand the techniques discussed for preventing and detecting sales skimming.Chapter Objectives3•List and be able to explain the six methods typically used by fraudsters to conceal receivables skimming.•Understand what “lapping” is and how it is used to hide skimming schemes.•Be familiar with how fraudsters use fraudulent write-offs or discounts to conceal skimming.•Understand the techniques discussed for preventing and detecting receivables skimming.•Be familiar with proactive audit tests that can be used to detect skimming. Chapter Objectives4Skimming SchemesSkimmingReceivablesSalesRefunds & OtherUnrecordedUnderstatedWrite-ofSchemesLappingSchemesUnconcealed5Skimming•Theft of cash from a victim entity prior to its entry in an accounting system –“Off-book”•No direct audit trail•Its principal advantage is its difficulty of detection.6Asset Misappropriations2009 Global Fraud SurveyScheme Type% of Asset Misappropriation CasesMedian LossCash Misappropriations 85.6% $120,000Non-Cash Misappropriations 20.3% $90,0007Frequency of Cash Misappropriations8Median Loss of Cash Misappropriations9Sales Skimming•Employee makes a sale of goods or services, collects the payment, and makes no record of the transaction.•Employee pockets the proceeds of the sale.•Without a record of the sale, there is no audit trail.10Sales Skimming• Cash register manipulation–“No sale” or other non-cash transaction is recorded.–Cash registers are rigged so that sales are not recorded on the register tapes.–No receipt is issued.•After hours sales–Sales are conducted during non-business hours without the knowledge of the owners.•Skimming by off-site employees–Independent salespeople–Employees at remote locations – branches or satellite offices away from the primary business site11Sales Skimming•Poor collection procedures•Understated sales–Sale is recorded for a lower amount than was collected.–Price of sales item is reduced.–Quantity of items sold is reduced.•Theft in the mail room – incoming checks–Incoming checks are stolen and cashed.–Customer’s account is not posted.12Preventing and Detecting Sales Skimming•Maintain a viable oversight presence at any point.•Create a perception of detection.•Install video cameras.•Utilize customers to detect and prevent fraud.•All cash registers should record the log-in and log-out time of each user.•Off-site sales personnel should also be required to maintain activity logs.•Eliminate potential hiding places for stolen money.•Incoming mail should be opened in a clear, open area free from blind spots and with supervisory presence.13Receivables Skimming•More difficult than skimming sales –There is a record of the sale.–Collection is expected.•Customers are notified when payment is not received and will most likely complain.•Lapping•Force balancing•Stolen statements•Fraudulent write-offs or discounts•Debiting the wrong account•Document destruction14Receivables Skimming•Lapping–Crediting one customer’s account with payment received from another customer–Keeping track of payments becomes complicated.–Second set of books is sometimes kept.•Force balancing–Posting to the customer’s account without depositing the check creates an imbalance condition.–Cash account is overstated so the amount skimmed must be forced in order to balance the account.•Stolen statements–Employee steals or alters the account statement or produces counterfeit statements.–May change the customer’s address in order to intercept the statement15Receivables Skimming•Fraudulent write-offs or discounts–Write off the account as bad debt.–Post entries to a contra revenue account – “discounts and allowances.”•Debiting the wrong account–Debit an existing or fictitious A/R.–Wait for the A/R to age and be written off.•Destroying or altering records of the transaction–Often a last ditch effort to conceal the fraud–Makes it more difficult to prove the fraud16Preventing and Detecting Receivables Skimming•Succeed when there is a breakdown in an organization’s controls–Mandate vacations.–Mandate supervisory approval.–Train audit staff.•Proactively search for accounting clues.•Perform trend analysis on aging of customer accounts.•Conduct audit


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CWU ACCT 461 - Chapter 2 Skimming

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