PSYC 3510 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 2-4Lecture #2This lecture covers the sources of information Research vs. ExperienceA. Experience has no comparison group1. Research needs to present falsifiable theories2. There must be systematic data collectionB. Experience is confounded1. Several possible explanations for an outcome; ConfusingC. Research is probabilistic Research vs. IntuitionA. Intuition is biased by faulty thinking1. Being swayed by a good story- Believing or accepting a conclusion because it “makes sense”.2. Availability heuristic: Things that pop up easily in our mind that tend to guide our thinking; particularly when events are vivid, recent, or memorable.B. Intuition is biased by motivation1. Focusing on evidence we like best- “Cherry-Picking” information2. Asking biased questions to get expected answers3. Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing4. Bias Blind Spot: The belief that we are unlikely to fall prey to cognitive biases.I. Finding and Reading ResearchA. Journal Articles: Psychology’s most important sourcea. Meta-analysis: Combines the results of many studies and gives a number thatsummarizes the magnitude (effect size) of the relationship.1. Chapters in edited booksa. A collection of chapters on a common topic, each written by a different contributor.b. Summarization of research; explaining the theory.c. Only written by experts, therefore not peer-reviewed as rigorously.2. Full length books are not too popular among psychologists.B. Finding Sources1. Psyc INFOa. Best, most comprehensive; Only available at university library if subscribedb. Updated weekly by the APA2. Google Scholara. Only empirical articles and scholarly booksb. However, not categorized and less organizedC. Reading the Research1. Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References2. Reading with a purposea. “What is the argument?”b. “What is the evidence to support the argument?”3. Less scholarly sourcesa. Retail Bookshelf- Written by psychologists for the general publicb. Trade Books written for entertainment-No references, continue searchingc. WikipediaPopular Press- Meant to tell you about a new research area or study; pique interest. Example: Psychology Today, Scientific American MindLecture #3- I. Type I Error: False positive; Type II Error: Swing and a missII. Variables1. Measured: Observed2. Manipulated: Controlling the levels3. Conceptual: A broad idea or concept; Example: Self-esteem4. Operational: How the study is measured; SpecificIII. Claims1. Frequency: The rate at which something occurs; Construct, External, Statistical2. Association: A correlation; Not manipulated; Construct, Statistical, Externala. Represented by a scatterplot graphb. Positive- Same directionc. Negative- Opposite directiond. Zero- No relationship 3. Causal: One thing causes the other; Internal, Construct, Statistical, Externala. Distinguishing verbs; Example: Affects, Prevents, May lead tob. Criteria for establishing causationi. Covariance: As A changes, B changes.ii. Temporal Precedence: A comes first in time, before B. iii. Internal Validity: No possible alternative explanations for change in B, only A changed.IV. Validities1. Construct: How well it is being measured2. External: How well it can be applied to other people; Generalization3. Statistical: Does data support the hypothesis; Type I or Type II Error; Margin of Error4. Internal: Relationship between variables; Are there confounds? ; Causal claimsDecide which validity is the most important, sacrifice one over the other.Lecture #4- Ethics Regulations and Guidelines- Particular studies to note:-Tuskegee Syphilis Study- Men in the south that were infected with syphilis were studied without treatment even though the cure was available.- The Nuremberg Code- A set of guidelines for ethical code following the Nuremburg Trials in Germany.- The Milgram Obedience Studies- A study of how participants will react to an authority even with the possibility of inflicting pain on another individual.- Willowbrook State- Mentally ill patients at this children’s home infected with HIV- Zimbardo’s Standford Prison Experiment- Guards and treatment of prisoners ( Sleep Deprivation, Starvation)- Edward Taub and Silver Spring Monkeys- PETA advocates destroyed lab with damaging research, effectively killing his study; setting back stroke study research for yearsI. The Principle for Respect for PersonsA. Informed Consent: Each person learns about the research project, knows the risks and benefits, and decides whether to participate.B. Treat participants as autonomous agents.II. The Principle of BeneficenceA. Precautions must be taken to protect participants from harm and ensure their well-being.III.The Principle of JusticeA. Balance between the participants in research and those who benefit from it. Participants “bear the burden.”IV.Among the other standards: Confidentiality, Sexual Issues, Competence, Questionable InterventionsA. Deception is particularly tricky because the researchers intentionally withhold details of the study from the participants; however, the deceit is sometimes necessary to obtain meaningful data.B. Debriefing- An increase in the knowledge of the participant to hopefully alleviate stress or psychological damage caused by deception.C. Research Misconduct- 1. Data Fabrication: Researchers invent data that fits their hypothesis.2. Data Falsification: Researchers selectively delete observations from a data set or by influencing the subjects.a. * Stapel in the Netherlands in 2012; Over 100 studies have been retracted; The whole field of Social Psychology has now been subject to much criticism.D. Animal Research1. The Three R’sa. Replacement: Alternative; Example: Computer simulationsb. Refinement: Modify procedures to minimize or eliminate distress.c. Reduction: Designs to utilize fewest animals as possible.2. Important to consider the difference between ANIMAL RIGHTS AND ANIMAL WELFARE*ALSO….Claims Examples(1) Television use linked to ADHD. Association(2) Extroverts are better leaders. ???(3) Exercise may curb depression. Causal { What are the ???}(4) 30% of people exercise once a week. Frequency(5) Artists are more likely to experience depression. ???(6) Sunshine may improve mood.