PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17“Community” does not have a singular, agreed-upon definition. It usually refers to a group sharing physical space (a neighborhood, a city, etc.)a group sharing a particular trait (lifestyle, religion, sexuality, age, etc.)a group sharing an identity and a culture typified by a high degree of social cohesion: a “traditional community”Overall, these definitions suggest a sense of shared identity and interdependence; what Phillips calls “we-ness”.Social cohesion: group behavior resulting from strong social bonds and defined norms. To achieve cohesion, group members accept the groups goals and standards of behavior. Often implies some sort of homogeneity. Communities do no HAVE to be based in the same place, and people based in the same place are not NECESSARILY communities. Some non place-bound sorts of communities can be members of professional groups, subcultures, and countercultures.The Origins of Community, Democracy, and the City: the Greek PolisPolis: A self-sufficient, small-scale political unit; a city-state. Could be thought of as a metropolitan community. All issues of public concern to be decided by the community, legislation occurred in large public assemblies: direct democracy. Thus, the rise of democracy is directly linked to the rise of the city. The word cosmopolis also arose in this time (5th century BCE). It means, literally, “world city,” and implies that people should be world citizens rather than just citizens of their local communities.Classical Urban Theory andTransitions of Social OrganizationThe birth of urban theory, and the discipline of sociology, occurred as the massive upheaval of democratic revolutions and the industrial revolution were occurring in the mid to late 19th century. The main questions theorists were asking was how urban life changed the way that people lived their lives and related to one another. Though they had significant differences, the unifying idea was that society was evolving in a way that was inevitable and unstoppable, and that a new form of social organization was arising.Rural-urbanSimple-complexFeudal-capitalistSmall scale-large scaleReligious-secular Creation of different typologies (classification systems), which were usually binary/polarFerdinand Tonnies’ theory of the shift from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft=traditional, pre-urban community characterized by shared values, homogeneity, physically territories, and ways of thinking. Kinship, land and friendship play central roles. Gesellschaft=a new form of social organization in which close-knit familial and friendship based ties lose importance. Human relations start being driven more by contracts and laws than shared ideas and trust. Money becomes a driving force of social relationships. He lamented this loss of community and viewed traditional relationships with a sense of nostalgia- “those were the good old days”Emile Durkheim’s theory of shift from mechanical to organic solidarity Mechanical solidarity: society based on simple shared values, traditions, kinship, and shared responsibilities. Common morality (collective conscience) Organic solidarity: rise of specialization, using the metaphor of the body: society has increasingly specialized, interdependent functions. People become more diverse and they no longer share values and expectations. Weakening collective conscience and the rising importance of laws and contracts.Durkheim associated this change to the increasingly complicated division of labor, with people performing increasingly specialized functions. Both of these forms of society are natural, and they both require unity. It’s just a different unity. However, as Durkheim, Marx and others noted, new forms of social organization lead to widespread alienation, as people know longer know their roles and where they fit in.Urbanism: Patterns of social interaction and culture that result from the concentration of large numbers of people in small areas. These patterns have been widely believed to create different personality types.The “Town/City Mouse” and the “Country Mouse”The current social structure: post-industrial society A type of society where wealth and status are based on the capability to get, understand, and use information. The “knowledge economy.” Spatial proximity becoming even less important, because of the changing spatial and temporal implications of information networks (the internet, etc.). A global urban system.Problem with these classical theories are that they are overly deterministic. They also focus overwhelmingly on the experience of Western Europe and North America. Discuss. Rural-urban typologies are limited tools .Rural-urban typologies are: 1) generally untested and taken to be matters-of-fact, or “articles of faith”2)deterministic: they assume that society evolves in one way and do no allow for differences as they occur in different cultural and social contexts3)ethnocentric: they only really deal with the experience of the advanced capitalist countries of the West.Still, they have persisted for millenia, and tend to have a sort of “common sense” explanatory function. One would expect that different ways of life and different forms of interaction would require social adaptation, even if no clear and strict rules can be drawn out for all contexts.