BIOL 218 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1-4, 13-14, & 16 CHAPTER 1~o Cell Biology: study of cells, their structure, function & behavior Variations lead to differences in cell functiono Cytosol: part of the cytoplasm that is not membrane bound organelles, largest single gel like compartment, where beginning of nutrient molecule breakdown occurs , site of protein synthesis that contains majority of metabolic pathways o Cytoplasm:o Mitochondria: primarily used to power actions of cell by producing ATP, most abundant, contains own DNA, made from ancient symbiosis between bacteria & eukaryotic cell, have double membrane, oxidative phosphorylationcell respirationo Nucleus: directs cell, uses it’s double nuclear membrane for protection and organization,site of core genome, o Chloroplasts: solar power plant, evolved from photosynthetic bacterium entering early eukaryotic cell, has own DNA, have double membrane but are more complex than mitochondria, site of carbon fixation, contain chlorophyll, houses photosynthesiso Lysosomes: where intracellular digestion occurs; separates nutrients from unwanted molecules, has irregular shape & is membrane boundo Chromosomes:o Golgi Apparatus: involved in final packaging of organelles and cell communicationo Peroxisomes: membrane enclosed vesicle that houses toxic molecules and deactivates themo Plasma membrane: forms fence between internal and external environment of cell; controlling what comes in or goes out Endocytosis: process of importing molecules into cell  Exocytosis: process of exporting molecules out of cello Endoplasmic reticulum(ER): highway of cell where most cell components are made especially cells for protein secretion, smooth=lipid synthesis, rough=site of protein synthesis ready for cell distributiono Cytoskeleton: helps organize cell so it can be more easily regulated, allows directed movement, the cells’ “scaffolding”, uses actin, microtubules & intermediate filaments, crucial during cell divisiono Extracellular matrix:o Central Dogma: DNARNAproteino Viruses: exception to central dogma, known as chemical zombies because they can’t replicate without a host cell, exception to central dogmao Light microscope: uses light to magnify cells to see details as small as 0.2 µm, the specimen must be prepared so light can pass through it  Phase contrast microscopy: uses light microscope with an optical component to see different regions of cell Bright-field microscopy: uses light microscope and fixed/stained samples in order to see cellular detailso Fluorescence microscopy: illuminating light is passed through 2 sets of filters1. Filters light to only allow wavelengths that excite particular fluorescent light to pass through before reaching specimen2. Blocks out light only allowing wavelengths emitted when dye fluoresces resulting in specimen to have bright colorso Confocal microscopy: scans specimen with laser beam(single wavelength) in order to obtain 2D optical sections that can be reconstructed(z-stack) into 3D image, using pinhole to capture exited fluorescent dye at illuminated point (single layer)o Transmission electron microscopy: ability to resolve images as small as 2 µm using electrons instead of light and magnetic coils to focus beam instead of glass, specimen must first be stained with electron dense heavy metals that absorb/scatter electrons o Scanning electron microscopy: requires coating sample with thin layer of heavy metal then using electron beam, magnetic coils & detector controls intensity of points in an image to create 3D with great depth of focuso Microscopy combined with staining is indeed what allows us to see inside the cello Prokaryotes: most diverse of all cells, can adapt to extreme environments, small single cellular organism that do not have a nucleus Bacteria & Achaea Examples: oxygen, sulfur, hydrogeno Eukaryotes: have nucleus and are compartmentalized, believed to have evolved as predator Single cell organisms or multicellular organismso Membrane bound organelles are vital because they control chemical reactions, regulate protein expression and movemento Model organisms: organisms we know a lot about and are therefore highly useful to experiment on because changes would be easy to monitorexamples: -E.Coli (most understood)- has single circular double strand of DNA-Saccharyomyces cerevisiae (yeast)- most simple eukaryote-Arabidopsis Thaliana(wall cress)- grows & reproduces fast, used to studyphotosynthetic kinase-Drodophila melanogaster (fruit fly)- highly used in genetics-Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)-used in brain mapping& cell death-Mus musculus (mouse)- closely related to humans, most expensive to use-Danio rerio (zebrafish) – transparent, used in development studiesCHAPTER 2~o Atoms: smallest particle of an element Nucleus: dense, (+)-Protons (+)-Neutrons(neutral)-Electrons (-)o Living organisms are composed of Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, & oxygeno I mole= 6x10^23 molecules (Avogadro’s number)o Electron shells: 1. 2 electrons2. 8 electrons3. 8 electrons4. 9 electrons5. 9 electronso Molecule: cluster of atoms held together by covalent bondsCovalent bond: 2 atoms share pair of electrons-Polar covalent bond: when electrons are shared unequally, concentratedmostly on one end of moleculeBond strength is directly linked to function of biomolecules-Covalent=strong -Non-covalent=weak, non-versatileIonic bond: electrons are given from one atom to another-Cations: (+)-Anions(-)-Electrostatic attraction: attractive force occurring between oppositely charge atomsPeptide bond: covalent between adjacent amino acids in protein chaino monomers: building blocks of cell, smallest parto polymers: large organic molecules of cell, made of monomerso SugarspolysaccharidesMonosaccharides: one monomer, joined by glycosidic bondDisaccharide: two monosaccharides linked -Example=fructoseOligosaccharide: 3-50 monomersPolysaccharide: 100-1000s of monomerso Glycosidic bond  Condensation reaction (after shower): Creates bond, releases water when bond formso Hydrolysis: opposite of condensation, breaks bond, uses water moleculeo Fatty acids Carboxyl group: chemically reactive, behaves as an acid Insoluble in water Soluble in fat Long hydrocarbon chain not chemically reactiveo Fatty acids  lipids Trialglycerol molecules: 3 fatty acid chains joined by a glycerol, 6x