Name: ___________________________ Lab room, day, time: __________________TA name: _______________Patterns of inheritance:While you are armed with some information regarding the genes your fly lines may have, actual data often will need you to work “backwards” from results rather than reasoning forward from known qualities of the genes as you have been for the previous homework assignments. The data will also not be in perfectly neat ratios. An example of data is given on the table below. Use the values here to answer questions 1 – 3.RECORD OF DATA FOR F1 PROGENYSex Phenotype QuantityFemale curled wings, wild-type eyes 46Male curled wings, wild-type eyes 39RECORD OF DATA FOR F2 PROGENYSex Phenotype QuantityFemalewild-type wings, wild-type eyes 132curled wings, wild-type eyes 263curled wings, brown eyes 117Malewild-type wings, wild-type eyes 129curled wings, wild-type eyes 271curled wings, brown eyes 1121. Before panicking about all the numbers and categories, stop and think about what simple information you can infer from the observable phenotypes.a. (0.5) First, looking at all of the phenotypes in both the F1 and F2 data sets,what mutations appear to be present?The mutations are in the wing and eye, one causing curled wings, and one causing brown eyes. These can all be seen in the F2 generation. b. (1) Second, what does just the F1 generation tell you about those mutations (think back on previous homework)? Explain your reasoning.The F1 tells us that the curly wing mutation is dominant because it is showing up in the F1 heterozygous offspring. On the other hand, the brown eye mutation appears to be masked since it only shows up again in the F2 (the P generation presumably had one parent with brown eyes). That means the brown eye mutation is recessive.c. (1) Finally, what are the estimated ratios for the phenotypes seen in the F2? This can be “eyeballed” or can be calculated. By dividing all of the scored counts in the F2 by the lowest value, that category is set to a relative value of 1. (Note this won’t always work well, particularly instrange cases where the ratios don’t all have a common divisor, e.g. 2:3:5:6.)The ratios are roughly 1:2:1. Calculated out they are 1.13:2.25:1 for females and 1.15:2.42:1 for males or 1.18:2.35:1.04:1.15:2.42:1 running down the list. Males and females could also be combined giving a 1.14:2.33:1.2. Recall that there are three things that need to be determined for an accurate description of the mode of inheritance of the gene(s): dominance, location (autosome or sex chromosome), and linkage (if more than one gene). You should have already made a determination of if the traits are dominant or recessive.a. (1) For each trait, does it appear to be sex-linked or autosomal? Why? (An upcoming homework will detail how to make this determination more “officially.”)Neither is sex linked, since both male and female counts appear to be the same. The hallmark of a sex-linked trait is a difference in the phenotype ratios between males and females, but here the ratios are close.b. (1) From the data (don’t look up information on the mutations!), are these traits linked or unlinked? Explain your reasoning.The traits are linked. Explanations will vary, since there’s a couple of ways to reasonout the answer. Some examples:One is noting that the recessive brown eye trait never appears without the dominant trait, which logically implies they are linked. Also, it’s effectively a 1:2:1 ratio (so 4 parts). Two unlinked traits tend to have 16 “parts” while one trait has a 4 part ratio. The 1:2:1 ratio implies they are acting as one linked trait. (Two linked recessives would show a “typical” 3:1, but here one of the traits is dominant so each genotype (with a 1:2:1 ratio) shows as a distinct phenotype.)c. (1) Write a null hypothesis for these traits. Your null needs to address dominance, location (autosome or sex chromosome), and linkage of the genes for the traits of interest.Something along the lines of:The mutation for curled wings is autosomal dominant and linked to the autosomal recessive mutation for brown eyes.3. (0.5) Write the prediction of the above null hypothesis. An appropriate hypothesis/prediction statement needs to of course include the hypothesis as well as address the specific patterns arising from that inheritance and imply how statistics will test the prediction. As practice, write the hypothesis/prediction statement according to the following style: “If the mutation for <trait 1> is <X-linked or autosomal> and <dominant or recessive> and the mutation for <trait 2> is <X-linked or autosomal> and <dominant or recessive> and they are <linked or unlinked>, then in the F2 generation the expected ratio of phenotypes will not differ statistically from <all expected phenotype ratios>.” (Note that this formatdoes not have to be followed exactly for other assignments or exams, it is just to start getting you comfortable with clearly articulating a prediction.)If the mutation for curled wings is autosomal and dominant and the mutation for brown eyes is autosomal and recessive and they are linked, then in the F2 generationthe expected ratio of phenotypes will not differ statistically from 1 wild type : 2 curled wings : 1 curled wings with brown eyes.4. Using the principles you practiced above, make defensible determinations of the broad characteristics for your fly lines. You may have to consult your own P and F1 observations in addition to the combined F2 data sets.a. White-eyed fly cross:i. (0.5) How many genes do you think are contributing and why?1. If more than one, do you think they’re linked or unlinked and why?ii. (0.5) Are the mutant alleles dominant or recessive and why?iii. (0.5) Do the genes appear to be sex-linked or autosomal?iv. (0.5) Write the null hypothesis for these traits.Answers will vary by section (check which lines your class has). Explanations shouldstem from observations. All are recessive, defended by observation of mutations in the P and F2 but not the F1.For white the null would be similar to: The mutation for white-eyes is a single sex-linked recessive allele.For scarlet and brown: The mutation for white eyes is caused by a recessive, autosomal allele with a second recessive autosomal allele and they are unlinked.For cinnabar and brown: The mutation for white eyes is caused by a recessive, autosomal allele with a second recessive autosomal allele and they are linked.b. Other fly cross:i. (0.5)