Name: ___________________________ Lab room, day, time: __________________TA name: _______________Part 1: Fly Notation (1.5 points)Based on lecture and the appendix of the lab manual, answer the following questions.1. Showing all chromosomes (for purposes of practice) and using proper notation, show both the cross and outcome of:a. (0.5) A female homozygous for apterous with a wild type male.♀ +/+ ; ap/ap ; +/+ ; +/+ X ♂ +/Y ; +/+ ; +/+ ; +/+↓♀♂ +/+ ; ap/+ ; +/+ ; +/+b. (0.5) A male homozygous for apterous with a wild type female.♀ +/+ ; +/+ ; +/+ ; +/+ X ♂ +/Y ; ap/ap ; +/+ ; +/+↓♀♂ +/+ ; +/ap ; +/+ ; +/+2. (0.5) Assuming the following offspring resulted from a cross of “true breeding” (i.e. homozygous) parents, what are the parents’ genotypes?♀♂ +/+ ; p/+ ; +/e ; +/+↑♀ +/+ ; p/p ; +/+ ; +/+ X ♂ +/Y ; +/+ ; e/e ; +/+Part 2: Fly Lab (8.5 points)Read p.17 of the lab manual (you will need to do this before lab anyway!). White eyes in flies are typically caused by some combination of four distinct mutations. Research each of these mutations and summarize the genes they occur in by listing each one’s normal function, what happens to a fly’s phenotype when it is homozygous for a knock-out/null mutation (and why), what chromosome it is found on, and if the typical mutation is dominant or recessive. Also list your source(s) of information. You may use textbooks, scientific articles (primary research or review, and for this it does not matter the year it was published nor does it have to be the first descriptive article on the gene), or “official” websites (typically .edu or .gov), but not anything lacking rigorous review (meaning most websites, including Wikipedia, are not valid sources. flybase.org is acceptable). Note that primary research articles often discuss the details of genes in their introduction/background sections even if it is “well known” information. This last tip may also be important for your writing assignment!Hint: Wild-type eye color in Drosophila (“brick red”) is a result of two distinct pigments.3. Whitea. (0.5) Normal gene function:Deposition of pigment into various body structures, but most notable for controlling the deposition of pigments into the eye. (In more detail, it is an ATP-binding cassette cotransporter (ABC transporter) and is used in the transportation of pigment precursors).b. (0.5) Homozygous knock-out (i.e. null mutation) effect(s) and explanation:Loss of pigmentation, most detectable in the eye. Since the gene product controls delivery of pigments in the eye during development, loss of this gene results in loss of eye color, resulting in colorless (white) eyes.c. (0.25) Chromosome location:Chromosome one, or the sex chromosome. Specifically the X chromosome.d. (0.25) Dominant or recessive (or other?):Recessive.e. (0.5, for all part e’s) Source(s) of information:Anything within parameters is acceptable. Some examples: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (useful for finding chromosome locations), Introduction to Genetic Analysis (textbook). Various primary research articles are also likely to havean explanation in their introductions even if they’re not the original discovery article. (examples: “Multiple upstream regulatory elements control the expression of the Drosophila white gene.” EMBO, 1985. “Interaction Between Eye Pigment Genes and Tau-Induced Neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster,” Genetics, 2010. Molecular characterization of the cinnabar region of Drosophila melanogaster: Identification of the cinnabar transcription unit,” Genetica, 1996.)4. Scarleta. (0.5) Normal gene function:Deposition of brown pigments into the eye. (In more detail, it is also an ABC transporter that works with white to transport this specific subtype of pigment molecule’s precursors. Note that some sources, like textbooks, seem to imply that it actsenzymatically on precursors and is not a transporter.)b. (0.5) Homozygous knock out effect(s) and explanation:The eye looks bright red. Normal, “brick red” eyes are due to the presence of two pigment colors, a brown and a bright red. In the scarlet mutation, only one of the colors continues to be deposited (the bright red) so the eye appears as the remaining color (bright red).c. (0.25) Chromosome location:On chromosome 3 (left arm, or 3L).d. (0.25) Dominant or recessive (or other?):Recessivee. Source of information (if different than above):5. Cinnabara. (0.5) Normal gene function:Gene product converts pigment precursors, allowing the enzymatic production of the brown pigment (xanthommatin). (The enzyme is a kynurenine-3-hydroxylase).b. (0.5) Homozygous knock out effect(s) and explanation:The eye becomes bright red. By knocking out the enzymatic pathway for the synthesis of the brown pigment, the eye is bright red because both brown and bright red pigments are needed for the normal brick-red eye color.c. (0.25) Chromosome location:Two (right arm, 2R).d. (0.25) Dominant or recessive (or other?):Recessivee. Source of information (if different than above):6. Browna. (0.5) Normal gene function:Deposition of a bright red pigment into the eye. (It’s actually very similar to scarlet andwhite, all of them being ABC transporters).b. (0.5) (Brown, continued from previous page) Homozygous knock out effect(s) and explanation:As with scarlet, the brown mutation prevents the deposition of the bright red pigment. Since brick-red eyes are due to both brown and bright red pigments, when the bright red isn’t added, only the brown pigment is present and the eye appears brown.c. (0.25) Chromosome location:Chromosome 2 (right arm, 2Rd. (0.25) Dominant or recessive (or other?):Recessivee. Source of information (if different than above):7. Your particular white-eyed fly mutants may have more than one mutation. a. (1) Based on the natural functions and knock-out-effects you outlined above, would white supersede or be masked by any of the other three mutations (assuming homozygous conditions)? If yes to either case, explain why.White is going to supersede the other mutations. Since scarlet and brown both work with white, a white mutation will hide the other two genes’ effects. Likewise, white is still part of the same overall process as cinnabar. (Basically, this all means that if you see a white eye phenotype, that is not enough information to determine if the fly also has any of these other genotypes.)b. (1) Would any combinations of scarlet, cinnabar, or